https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000039918/3024499

Building Information Modeling (BIM) for existing buildings — Literature review and future needs

The project benefits of Building Information Modelling (BIM)

In the last decades, 3D city models appear to have been predominantly used for visualisation; however, today they are being increasingly employed in a number of domains and for a large range of tasks beyond visualisation. In this paper, we seek to understand and document the state of the art regarding the utilisation of 3D city models across multiple domains based on a comprehensive literature study including hundreds of research papers, technical reports and online resources. A challenge in a study such as ours is that the ways in which 3D city models are used cannot be readily listed due to fuzziness, terminological ambiguity, unclear added-value of 3D geoinformation in some instances, and absence of technical information. To address this challenge, we delineate a hierarchical terminology (spatial operations, use cases, applications), and develop a theoretical reasoning to segment and categorise the diverse uses of 3D city models. Following this framework, we provide a list of identified use cases of 3D city models (with a description of each), and their applications. Our study demonstrates that 3D city models are employed in at least 29 use cases that are a part of more than 100 applications. The classified inventory could be useful for scientists as well as stakeholders in the geospatial industry, such as companies and national mapping agencies, as it may serve as a reference document to better position their operations, design product portfolios, and to better understand the market.

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Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review

Building Information Modeling (BIM), also called n-D Modeling or Virtual Prototyping Technology, is a revolutionary development that is quickly reshaping the Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) industry. BIM is both a technology and a process. The technology component of BIM helps project stakeholders to visualize what is to be built in a simulated environment to identify any potential design, construction or operational issues. The process component enables close collaboration and encourages integration of the roles of all stakeholders on a project. The paper presents an overview of BIM with focus on its core concepts, applications in the project life cycle and benefits for project stakeholders with the help of case studies. The paper also elaborates risks and barriers to BIM implementation and future trends.

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Building information modelling (BIM): now and beyond

CityGML is the international standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) for the representation and exchange of 3D city models It defines the three-dimensional geometry, topology, semantics and appearance of the most relevant topographic objects in urban or regional contexts These definitions are provided in different, well-defined Levels-of-Detail (multiresolution model) The focus of CityGML is on the semantical aspects of 3D city models, its structures, taxonomies and aggregations, allowing users to employ virtual 3D city models for advanced analysis and visualization tasks in a variety of application domains such as urban planning, indoor/outdoor pedestrian navigation, environmental simulations, cultural heritage, or facility management This is in contrast to purely geometrical/graphical models such as KML, VRML, or X3D, which do not provide sufficient semantics CityGML is based on the Geography Markup Language (GML), which provides a standardized geometry model Due to this model and its well-defined semantics and structures, CityGML facilitates interoperable data exchange in the context of geo web services and spatial data infrastructures Since its standardization in 2008, CityGML has become used on a worldwide scale: tools from notable companies in the geospatial field provide CityGML interfaces Many applications and projects use this standard CityGML is also having a strong impact on science: numerous approaches use CityGML, particularly its semantics, for disaster management, emergency responses, or energy-related applications as well as for visualizations, or they contribute to CityGML, improving its consistency and validity, or use CityGML, particularly its different Levels-of-Detail, as a source or target for generalizations This paper gives an overview of CityGML, its underlying concepts, its Levels-of-Detail, how to extend it, its applications, its likely future development, and the role it plays in scientific research Furthermore, its relationship to other standards from the fields of computer graphics and computer-aided architectural design and to the prospective INSPIRE model are discussed, as well as the impact CityGML has and is having on the software industry, on applications of 3D city models, and on science generally

CityGML – Interoperable semantic 3D city models

A BIM-Oriented Model for supporting indoor navigation requirements

An investigation into the applicability of building information models in geospatial environment in support of site selection and fire response management processes

Increased demand for tools that allow merging of Building Information Models with GIS models is observed in the last several years. Professionals from both domains are looking for solutions to seamlessly integrate such models for various purposes such as, building and construction analysis, urban planning, tourism, cadastre, homeland security, etc. Researchers suggested that the best approach for such integration is harmonised semantics, which will allow formal mappings between the design (BIM) and real world (GIS) models. Although many geometric models have been developed in both domains, the number of semantic models is relatively few. Two most prominent semantic models in the design and real worlds are currently IFC and CityGML. Several studies demonstrate the transfer of information from IFC models into the CityGML but the literature is lacking a formal and descriptive framework for automatic generation of buildings in CityGML using the IFC models. This paper presents preliminary ideas for defining a semantic mapping, which will allow automatic transformations between the two models.

Towards Defining a Framework for Automatic Generation of Buildings in CityGML Using Building Information Models

The Handbook of Research on Building Information Modeling and Construction Informatics: Concepts and Technologies addresses the problems related to information integration and interoperability throughout the lifecycle of a building. This Handbook of Research provides comprehensive coverage and definitions of the most important issues, concepts, trends, and technologies within the field.

Umit Isikdag

Papers

A BIM-Oriented Model for supporting indoor navigation requirements

An investigation into the applicability of building information models in geospatial environment in support of site selection and fire response management processes

Towards Defining a Framework for Automatic Generation of Buildings in CityGML Using Building Information Models

Handbook of Research on Building Information Modeling and Construction Informatics: Concepts and Technologies

Two design patterns for facilitating Building Information Model-based synchronous collaboration