http://if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2006/3_353.pdf

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): pathogenesis and therapy.

Anatomy and physiology of the eye makes it a highly protected organ. Designing an effective therapy for ocular diseases, especially for the posterior segment, has been considered as a formidable task. Limitations of topical and intravitreal route of administration have challenged scientists to find alternative mode of administration like periocular routes. Transporter targeted drug delivery has generated a great deal of interest in the field because of its potential to overcome many barriers associated with current therapy. Application of nanotechnology has been very promising in the treatment of a gamut of diseases. In this review, we have briefly discussed several ocular drug delivery systems such as microemulsions, nanosuspensions, nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes, dendrimers, implants, and hydrogels. Potential for ocular gene therapy has also been described in this article. In near future, a great deal of attention will be paid to develop non-invasive sustained drug release for both anterior and posterior segment eye disorders. A better understanding of nature of ocular diseases, barriers and factors affecting in vivo performance, would greatly drive the development of new delivery systems. Current momentum in the invention of new drug delivery systems hold a promise towards much improved therapies for the treatment of vision threatening disorders.

/pdf/recent-perspectives-in-ocular-drug-delivery-4wc6ksoo9z.pdf

Recent Perspectives in Ocular Drug Delivery

Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness after Treatment of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

BackgroundMost patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) have spontaneous resolution of exudative macular detachments and a good visual prognosis. Patients with CSC have a primary choroidal hyperpermeability problem evident as multifocal areas of hyperpermeability during indocyanine green

Indocyanine green angiography-guided photodynamic therapy for treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a pilot study.

Purpose To evaluate the impact of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on expression and distribution of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3, and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). Methods Eyes of patients scheduled for enucleation due to untreatable malignancy served as study eyes (n = 4), age-matched donor eyes were used as the control (n = 4). PDT using verteporfin with the recommended standard parameters was applied to intact areas of the perimacular region. Lesions were classified by ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography (FA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), as well as light and electron microscopic (LM/EM) histology. Immunolabeling using specific antibodies against VEGF, VEGFR-3, and PEDF was performed in PDT-treated areas, untreated collateral areas in study eyes, and untreated areas of control eyes. Specimens were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Four-micrometer-thick sections were stained using the peroxidase-labeled streptavidin-biotin method. Results All PDT-treated areas demonstrated characteristic choroidal hypofluorescence by FA and ICGA. LM/EM histology revealed selective damage of choriocapillary endothelial cells. VEGF was expressed in the endothelial layer of choriocapillaries and focally within larger choroidal vessels in treated areas, but not in untreated areas. Sites with positive VEGF labeling also demonstrated upregulation of VEGFR-3. PEDF expression was localized to retinas in all eyes; however, PEDF staining of choroidal endothelial cells was specific for treated areas of study eyes. Conclusions PDT using verteporfin induces a reproducible angiogenic response in elderly human eyes. VEGF, VEGFR-3, and PEDF expression is enhanced after PDT. Choroidal endothelial cells appear to be the primary site of angiogenic stimulation.

Influence of Photodynamic Therapy on Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), VEGF Receptor 3, and Pigment Epithelium–Derived Factor

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/articlepdf/270740/ECR0602.pdf

Ursula Schlötzer-Schrehard

Papers

Influence of Photodynamic Therapy on Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), VEGF Receptor 3, and Pigment Epithelium–Derived Factor

Histopathological changes following photodynamic therapy in human eyes.

Photodynamic Therapy Induces Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Pigment Epithelial Derived Factor (PEDF)