/pdf/asian-drama-an-inquiry-into-the-poverty-of-nations-2keaixhgnu.pdf

Asian drama, an inquiry intó the poverty of nations

List of Diagrams - List of Graphs - List of Maps - List of Tables - List of Abbreviations - Glossary of Foreign Terms - Introduction - Security and Vulnerability in Livelihood Systems - Coping and Adapting - Monitoring How People Feed Themselves - Drought, Food Insecurity and Early Warning in Mali - Livelihood Safety Nets: the Inner Niger Delta in the Sahel - Livelihood Systems - Production Entitlements - Exchange Entitlements - Coping and Adaptive Entitlements - Tracking and Tackling Food Vulnerability - References - Index

Adaptable Livelihoods: Coping with Food Insecurity in the Malian Sahel@@@Securite alimentaire et strategies de maitrise chez les pecheurs du delta interieur du fleuve Niger au Mali

Over 10 years have passed since the first paper on the tourism-led growth hypothesis (TLGH) was published in 2002. Since then, a wave of studies has appeared trying to understand the temporal relationship between tourism and economic growth. Hence, it is possible to provide an assessment in terms of econometric methods used and main empirical findings achieved so far. This paper presents an exhaustive review of approximately 100 peer-reviewed published papers on the TLGH. An overview on the economic theoretical framework behind the TLGH is also provided. Notably, the results present an increasing diversification in the econometric modelling used. With a few exceptions, the empirical findings suggest that overall international tourism drives economic growth.

Has the tourism-led growth hypothesis been validated? A literature review

The Asian Green Revolution

The paper discusses how gaps in both the data on migration and the understanding of the role of
migration in livelihood strategies and economic growth in India, have led to inaccurate policy
prescriptions and a lack of political commitment to improving the living and working conditions
of migrants. Field evidence from major migrant employing sectors is synthesised to show that
circular migration is the dominant form of economic mobility for the poor; especially the lower
castes and tribes. The authors argue that the human costs of migration are high due to faulty
implementation of protective legislation and loopholes in the law and not due to migration per se.
The paper discusses child labour in specific migration streams in detail stressing that this issue
needs to be addressed in parallel. It also highlights the non-economic drivers and outcomes of
migration that need to be considered when understanding its impacts. The authors calculate that
there are roughly 100 million circular migrants in India contributing 10% to the national GDP.
New vulnerabilities created by the economic recession are discussed. Detailed analysis of
village resurveys in Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh are also presented and these show
conclusively that migration is an important route out of poverty.

/pdf/migration-and-human-development-in-india-4oyedni1kw.pdf

Migration and Human Development in India

The diversification of rural livelihoods is the subject of a growing amount of conceptual and policybased
research. This paper reports on the findings from a re-survey and longitudinal panel survey
carried out in the villages of Aurepalle and Dokur in Mahbubnagar District in Andhra Pradesh,
India. This is a particularly valuable data source since these villages have been surveyed at intervals
by ICRISAT since 1975 and have enabled an analysis of changing rural livelihoods over time.
Agriculture remains the most important source of livelihood in both villages, though the relative
importance of crop cultivation has decreased, as has real income from crops. Agriculture has
become an increasingly risky pursuit and households have sought other sources of income, most
notably through migration for agricultural labour in other villages or for wage labour in urban areas
such as Hyderabad.
Whilst there are a small number of cases where diversification has enabled households to lift
themselves significantly above the poverty line, the overwhelming experience of diversification is
as a coping strategy. Mahbubnagar District experienced drought in 1997–8 and between 1999 and
2001. The intervening years were characterised by only average rainfall. It remains to be seen,
therefore, whether the diversification into non-farm activities is a short-term response to adverse
agricultural terms of trade and ecological uncertainty brought about as a result of extended drought
or whether diversification represents a long-term move away from agricultural livelihoods in rural
areas that will be sustained. The prospects for a return to agriculture in the future will be diminished
if population density continues to rise and limited by the gradual erosion of agricultural assets, such
as land and large livestock like cattle and buffalo.
The findings from this re-survey of two villages raise important policy challenges for government
and other stakeholders in Mahbubnagar District, in Andhra Pradesh and in the semi-arid tropics of
India more generally. Whilst government policy and state interventions are made along sectoral
lines, household livelihoods are highly diverse. Policy-makers need to reflect on the most suitable
ways of supporting this diversity, for example by facilitating access to the assets that people draw
on to diversify or by ensuring that agriculture is less risky and agricultural assets are not eroded
during periods of uncertainty. Only with more appropriate policies that recognise the importance of
diversity will it be possible for more people to make positive exits from poverty through
diversification.

Diversification and Livelihood Options: A Study of Two Villages in Andhra Pradesh,India,1975-2001

This volume reports the findings of a study of the productivity impact of varietal improvement research conducted at a number of international centers affiliated with the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Such centers have been at the forefront of the "Green Revolution" that resulted in the breeding of new crop varieties of the world's staple food crops Econometric models are used to evaluate the investment in these cases of agricultural research and to analyze impact in selected countries

/pdf/impacts-of-genetic-improvement-in-sorghum-37l3er3u38.pdf

Impacts of genetic improvement in sorghum.

The global production of sorghum in 2003 is about 59 million t with an average productivity of 1.34
t ha-1 (FAO http://www.fao.org). Despite advances in breeding improved cultivars, productivity has
increased only marginally. Productivity recorded at research stations in African countries and in
India, Myanmar, Pakistan and Thailand in Asia was 3.5-4.0 t ha-1 in the rainy season. In China, it is
about 12 t ha-1 at research stations but only 0.8-2.5 t ha-1 in farmers’ fields. This productivity gap of
about 9-11 t ha-1 remains a challenge for agricultural scientists and extension specialists to bridge.
Several biotic and abiotic stresses account for this gap.

Global sorghum Genetic enhancement processes at ICRISAT

Food legume crops occupy about 5% of cropped area of Bangladesh but
play a significant role in rainfed agriculture. About a dozen legume crops
are grown in Bangladesh of which khesari (lathyrus), lentil, chickpea,
black gram, mung bean are the major pulses, and groundnut is an oilseed
crop. Their cultivation is mainly concentrated in the Gangetic floodplain
area. The productivity of these crops is much lower compared to the
cereals, and compared to the potential productivity of these legumes, due
to various biotic, abiotic, and socioeconomic constraints. Among the
biotic stresses, diseases, pests, seed dormancy, and weeds cause
significant yield losses. The major diseases are botrytis gray mold,
fusarium wilt, and collar rot in chickpea; foot rot, stemphylium blight,
and rust in lentil; powdery mildew and downy mildew in khesari
(lathyrus); yellow mosaic, cercospora leaf spot, and powdery mildew in
black gram and mung bean: and leaf spot, rust, foot rot, and root rot in
groundnut. Among the insect pests, Helicoverpa armigera is a major pest
of chickpea and black gram; Diacrisia obliqua is a major pest of black
gram, mung bean, and groundnut; aphids are common in lentil, khesari
(lathyrus), and mung bean; Euchrysops cnejus, Monolepta signata, and
Bemisia tabaci are the major pests of mung bean and black gram. Among
the storage pests Callosobruchus chinensis infests all pulses except black
gram, which is attacked only by C. maculatus. Lack of seed dormancy is
a major constraint in groundnut and mung bean cultivation. Weeds are a very common problem in all legume crops and in all growing zones.
Among the abiotic constraints, drought causes severe yield reduction in
some years. Sometimes excess rain and high humidity encourage
vegetative growth, in turn leading to high disease and pest incidence and
resultant yield loss. Terminal heat stress and rainfall also cause
substantial yield loss. In some areas, micronutrient deficiency and soil
acidity limit legume cultivation. Among the socioeconomic constraints,
low profit, instability of yield, and lack of support price influence the
farmers to follow the traditional practices for legume cultivation which
inevitably result in poor yields. The area and production of these legume
crops are generally declining. The government has consequently launched
a Pilot Production Program on lentil, black gram, and mung bean to halt
the declining trend. Details of the constraints and the opportunities to fit
the legumes in new and diversified cropping systems in Bangladesh are
discussed in this chapter.

/pdf/legumes-in-bangladesh-1pwzmd60se.pdf

Legumes in Bangladesh

District level trend of infant mortality rate (IMR) per thousand live births in Bangladesh influenced by some assorted form of socio-demographic determinants such as individual, household and community level factors. This paper examines the trend and annual rate of reduction from 1998-2007 time periods and correlates causal factors based on different data from Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 2008 and Sample Vital Registration System 2007. Seven explanatory variables are considered and the log-log specified ordinary least square and simultaneous quantile regression models are employed to investigate and compare the stochastic impacts of these predictors on changing infant mortality. Infant immunization is the most effective factor that reduces infant mortality especially at lower quantile districts. Most notably, lower poverty line implies increasing trend with upper quantile, indicates that districts with low infant mortality rate has low effect for any positive rate of change of it. The least square as well as simultaneous quantile regression result disclose that share of population lived in electricity accessed houses, road density, no. of female per family planning personnel has potential and statistically significant impacts on infant mortality rate that is -0.25%, -0.22% and -0.58% respectively. Likewise, infant mortality decreased with the increased percentage of household having television by 0.08%, on average. As infant mortality is an outcome from a variety of socio-economic disparity; reduction strategy should address the degree of severity of the risk factors on infant mortality, prioritizing the most effective reducing factors such as infant immunization and controlled population growth rate as well.

https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21102/1/MPRA_paper_21102.pdf

Uttam Deb

Papers

Diversification and Livelihood Options: A Study of Two Villages in Andhra Pradesh,India,1975-2001

Impacts of genetic improvement in sorghum.

Global sorghum Genetic enhancement processes at ICRISAT

Legumes in Bangladesh

Infant Mortality Situation in Bangladesh in 2007: A District Level Analysis