Wireless sensor networks are used in diverse areas such as battlefields, security, hospitals, universities, etc. It has been used in our everyday lives. Its development is rising day by day. Wireless sensor network includes hundreds to thousands of sensor nodes which aid in gathering various information like temperature, sound, location, etc. Recharging or modifying sensor nodes which might have limited battery power is usually difficult. Therefore, energy conservation is a crucial concern in sustaining the network. Clustering the networks is definitely one of the most common solutions for rendering WSNs energy. In this paper, the various clustering approaches used by wireless sensor networks got to learn and analyzed.

A Survey on Clustering Approaches to Strengthen the Performance of Wireless Sensor Network

The authors would like to acknowledge the
company Inspiring Sci, Lda for the interest and
valuable contribution to the successful development
of this work.

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Wireless Sensor Networks for Building Robotic Paths - A Survey of Problems and Restrictions

Metaheuristics is a process to generate effective, optimized solutions. An optimized solution requires an efficient decision to carry out network packets from sender to receiver with excellent efficiency. Energy-efficient routing techniques can be developed using metaheuristics to help network packets travel from sender to receiver in less time with low power consumption. Low power consumption minimizes the node-to-node transfer of packets using a minimum of resources and enhances the life span of the network cycle. Metaheuristics provide a great optimized solution by finding an optimized path for the packet transfer and minimizing the node-to-node transfer, thus resulting in less resource consumption. The optimization technique includes various algorithms and several theoretical concepts. Various applications are present to reduce energy consumption, but the efficiency obtained from metaheuristics is more precise and efficient than existing models. In this chapter, we discuss the various methods of efficient packet transfer with low consumption. Adaptive and nonadaptive algorithms are discussed as well as various types of metaheuristics. 

Affordable energy-intensive routing using metaheuristics

The EERH in heterogeneous WSNs is a complex routing system. Until sending these packets to their sinks, various events are identified, and where as event packets are transferred to the same address are inserted. Along the communication routes, Type A sensors will transmit Type B packets. When a packet is sent, a nearby sensor helps to relay P. In the general approach, each message and the message of the digitialized signature is generated with the private key of sender is transmitted. Every intermediate forwarder and recipient can authenticate the message with the public key of the sender. In terms of memory utilization, message sophistication, and protection tolerance, public applications' latest advancements may be more useful, as public- specific approaches provide an easy and clean key management. It will save resources in transferring P to your sink as the sensors that will transmit packets in order to achieve the event packets rises for a particular WSN. As we note, where as the energy consumption(E) is proportional to d2 where d be the distance from wireless transmission for packet distribution. According to our simulation, the EERH extends sensor existence and allows the relaying possibilities in a heterogeneous wireless sensor networks are more versatile. It allows the sensors in the environment to track and relay activities reliably such that the tracking existence of networks is essentially increased. Besides, when we use the EERH, we will change its parameters to suit the monitoring environment requirements.

A new approach for energy - efficient cooperative routing method for wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has been a topic of research since a very long time. The importance of WSN is of huge diversity as it is used in military services, environmental services, medicine, agriculture, etc. WSN is a composition of many sensor nodes that work together to send data from the source to the base station. The sensor nodes are placed systematically inside a network. The design of this network is of most importance as it deals with the reliability, efficiency, energy consumption, delay, and lifetime of the entire WSN. The longest lifespan of the system and lowering sensor node energy consumption are given top priority while developing a WSN. Various types of routing algorithms are used in the perspective of this. In this paper, the author has bifurcated the routing protocols into four main categories which are Multi-hop, Hierarchical, Cluster-based, and Long range. Apart from these, the author has also mentioned routing methods on Fault tolerance, Neutral network, Query based, and Swarm intelligence.

Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

□ Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is an emerging branch of latest technology and is considered as an effective research area because of its wide scope of applications in various sectors It is growing and improving in a day by day basis Wireless Sensor Networks are composed of sensors with limited power source whose replacement or replenishment is quite difficult Hence, power consumption is considered to be the dominant factor in the network design Lesser the power consumption, greater the network lifetime Routing technique decides the transmission path that is the main cause of energy consumption Hence, it is necessary to provide energy efficient routing algorithms Although a number of routing protocols are developed, routing protocols based on hierarchical clustering architecture receives much attention due to its energy efficient nature and scalability Thus, this paper will provide a structural analysis of few hierarchical routing protocols in WSNs

V Jaya Lakshmy

Papers

A structural analysis of few energy efficient hierarchical routing protocols in wireless sensor networks