Sudies of species survey are important to know the available natural resources and to get useful information about the ecological characteristics of a specific area. There are not studies, on this issue, related to social wasps, in the Triângulo Mineiro region. The present study describes the diversity of species found in fragments of the cerrado region in Uberlândia, MG, and their temporal distribution. The field study was conducted from October 2003 to September 2004, and 43 samplings were carried out using active searching (24) and point sampling (19) methodologies. Twenty-nine species were found in 10 genera, Polybia and Polistes corresponding to 51.5% of the total listing. Mischocyttarus cerberus styx Richards represented 26.5% of the total individuals recorded by active searching and Agelaia pallipes (Olivier) corresponded to 57.6% by point sampling. Two species had their first record for the state of Minas Gerais: Polybia striata (Fabricius) and M. cerberus styx. The studied fragments presented a high level of diversity (H = 0.66 to 1.16), a large number of rare species and a few common species. To collect the more common species the point sampling method was satisfactory while active searching was better to collect the rarer species. The active searching methodology was more efficient than point sampling, however some species could only be collected by point sampling. These factors showed that in order to carry out a wasp survey, a combination of different collection methodologies seems to be more appropriate.

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Diversity of social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Cerrado fragments of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

There is alack of information on the diversity of social wasps in Neotropical regions. The objective of this study was to gather information and compare the diversity of these insects in semideciduous forest and cerrado (savanna) regions, located in the municipality ofBarroso, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and to evaluate the efficiency of collection methods described in the literature to find these wasp species. We used active searching, attraction traps, quadrants and point sampling over a period of 26 discontinuous days from June 2003 to August 2004. We recorded 38 species of social wasps belonging to 10 genera, including four species newly reported for the region. Active searching was most efficient in relation to the other methods employed, but we suggest that a range of methodologies be used to obtain a better sample of species in diversity studies.

Diversity of social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in semideciduous forest and cerrado (savanna) regions in Brazil

The first records of social wasps in Brazil were made during expeditions that focused on the taxonomy and distribution of the species in the country From the 70s there was a change in the essence of publications on the diversity of social wasps, which began to be directed to a specific place, which over the years have incorporated the use of sampling methodologies and analysis of results through ecological indexes Since then, the neotropical social wasps have gained more prominence because of the recognition that act decisively in the trophic balance of ecosystems, thus increasing interest in research on these insects So, our aim was to conduct a detailed analysis of published studies diversity of social wasps in Brazil over the past 33 years, aimed at increasing knowledge about the history of these works For the literature review criteria were adopted: keywords with the matter and publications indexed in databases within the defined period We found 78 publications, with the majority (7052%) in scientific journals From the year 2005, there was a regularly featured in publications with the years 2010, 2012 and 2014 as the most productive and a concentration of studies in BA, MG and SP states Were used 11 collection methods, however there no a pattern of time or collection methodology, highlighting the Search-Active methods and Attractive Trap The contribution of this analysis is to extend the current status of knowledge of social wasps with research as well as guide and encourage future studies to places unexplored

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Studies of social wasp diversity in Brazil: Over 30 years of research, advancements and priorities

From September 1998 to September 1999, four censuses were carried out to get information about the number of colonies of paper wasps, their float and kind of substratum used in the “campus” of Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, in Juiz de Fora town, MG. Five genus were found in the campus: 65,25% belongs to Mischocyttarus genus, 23,72% to Polistes, 7,73% to Protopolybia, 3,13% to Polybia and 0,17% to Protonectarina, with an average of 287,75 active colonies. The number of wasps’s colonies was more abundant during the hot and damps seasons (From September 1998 till the middle of March 1999), suffering a big reduction during the cold and dry season (April 1999 to September 1999). Mischocyttarus, Polistes and Polybia demonstrated a higher level of synanthropy than Protopolybia and Protonectarina, that presented foundations only on vegetation. Polybia presented a great reduction in the number of colonies, due mainly to anthropic action and parasitic infestation by Tachinidae.

Levantamento dos gêneros, flutuação das colônias e hábitos de nidificação de vespas sociais (HYMENOPTERA, VESPIDAE) no Campus da UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG.

1. The decline in insect abundance and diversity observed in many ecosystems is of major concern because of the long-term consequences for ecosystem function and stability.

2. Species in ecological communities are connected through interactions forming complex networks. Therefore, initial extinctions can cause further species losses through co-extinctions and extinction cascades, where single extinctions can lead to waves of secondary extinctions. Such knock-on effects can multiply the initial impact of disturbances, thereby largely adding to the erosion of biodiversity. However, our knowledge of their importance for the current insect decline is hampered because secondary extinctions are challenging to both detect and predict.

3. In this review, we bring together theory and knowledge about secondary extinctions in the light of the main drivers of insect decline. We evaluate potential and evidence for cascading extinction for the different drivers and identify major pathways. By providing selected examples we discuss how habitat loss, pollution, species invasions, climate change and overexploitation can cause cascading extinctions. We argue that habitat loss and pollution in particular have the largest potential for such extinctions by changing community structure, the physical environment, and community robustness.

4. Overall, cascading extinction are part of an ecosystems' response to anthropogenic drivers but are so far not explicitly measured in their contribution when evaluating biodiversity loss. This knowledge is necessary to predict biodiversity loss and find strategies to buffer against the devastating long-term impact of habitat loss, pollution, species invasions, and climate change.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/een.12985

V.L.L Machado

Papers

Vespideos sociais : especies do horto florestal " navarro de andrade " de rio claro, sp