Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is a disease that can result in huge economic losses in the poultry industry. The high level of mutations of the IB virus (IBV) leads to the emergence of new serotypes and genotypes, and limits the efficacy of routine prevention. Medicinal plants, or substances derived from them, are being tested as options in the prevention of infectious diseases such as IB in many countries. The objective of this study was to investigate extracts of 15 selected medicinal plants for anti-IBV activity. Extracts of S. montana, O. vulgare, M. piperita, M. officinalis, T. vulgaris, H. officinalis, S. officinalis and D. canadense showed anti-IBV activity prior to and during infection, while S. montana showed activity prior to and after infection. M. piperita, O. vulgare and T. vulgaris extracts had > 60 SI. In further studies no virus plaques (plaque reduction rate 100%) or cytopathogenic effect (decrease of TCID50 from 2.0 to 5.0 log10) were detected after IBV treatment with extracts of M. piperita, D. canadense and T. vulgaris at concentrations of extracts ≥0.25 cytotoxic concentration (CC50) (P < 0.05). Both PFU number and TCID50 increased after the use of M. piperita, D. canadense, T. vulgaris and M. officinalis extracts, the concentrations of which were 0.125 CC50 and 0.25 CC50 (P < 0.05). Real-time PCR detected IBV RNA after treatment with all plant extracts using concentrations of 1:2 CC50, 1:4 CC50 and 1:8 CC50. Delta cycle threshold (Ct) values decreased significantly comparing Ct values of 1:2 CC50 and 1:8 CC50 dilutions (P < 0.05). Many extracts of plants acted against IBV prior to and during infection, but the most effective were those of M. piperita, T. vulgaris and D. canadense .

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In vitro antiviral activity of fifteen plant extracts against avian infectious bronchitis virus

Activity-guided isolation, identification and quantification of biologically active isomeric compounds from folk medicinal plant Desmodium adscendens using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector, mass spectrometry and multidimentional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Military training can create disturbances that facilitate invasive plant establishment. Introduced plant species’ interactions with soil microbial communities through root exudates often aid plants in colonizing new locales. This study tested the hypothesis that rhizosphere bacterial communities associated with the native legume, Lespedeza virginica, and the non-native legume, Lespedeza cuneata, respond differently to plant-exuded molecules. Bacterial communities collected from coexisting populations of the two species were grown in the presence of four separate flavonoids at four concentrations. Following 96 hours of incubation, DNA was recovered from the enrichment cultures and analyzed using next-generation sequencing. In cultures receiving a flavonoid, L. virginica enrichments were characterized by a greater operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness and exhibited a dose-response relationship to one of the flavonoids. The L. cuneata enrichments were characterized by a decreased OTU richness. Bacterial genera containing known pathogenic taxa occurred at a significantly greater relative frequency in L. cuneata enrichments than in the L. virginica enrichments. However, calculation of a species diversity index indicated greater OTU diversity in the L. cuneata enrichments across all four flavonoid treatments. These results indicate the rhizosphere microbial communities of co-existing L. cuneata and L. virginica legumes exhibit different responses when exposed to plant communication molecules. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR.

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Flavonoids Differentially Influence Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities from Native and Introduced Lespedeza Roots

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of flavonoids in showy tick trefoil [Desmodium canadense (L.) DC., Fabaceae] herbs collected in various vegetative phases at the Department of Medicinal Herbs of the Kaunas Botanical Garden (Vytautas Magnus University) was performed using HPLC techniques. A total of 15 flavonoids were identified as aglycons and glycosides including apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glycoside, luteolin, rutin, vicenin-2, vitexin, isovitexin, vitexin rhamnoside, orientin, homoorientin, quercitrin, quercetin, hyperoside, astragalin, and kaempferol. The maximum amount of identified flavonoids (13573.83 μg/g) was observed at the budding stage. Among these flavonoids, orientin and homoorientin (6236.24 μg/g), vicenin-2 (2040.25 μg/g), vitexin (1717.12 μg/g), isovitexin (1767.82 μg/g), and rutin (925.72 μg/g) predominated.

Quantitative HPLC estimation of flavonoids in showy tick trefoil herbs

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids in the vegetative and reproductive organs of showy tick trefoil [Desmodium canadense (L) DC., Fabaceae] herbs (stems, leaves, buds, inflorescences, legumes, and seeds) collected at various stages of vegetation at the Department of Medicinal Herbs of the Kaunas Botanical Garden (Vytautas Magnus University) was performed using HPLC techniques. A total of 15 flavonoids of aglycon and glycoside nature including apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glycoside, luteolin, rutin, vicenin-2, vitexin, isovitexin, vitexin rhamnoside, orientin, homoorientin, quercitrin, quercetin, hyperoside, astragalin, and kaempferol were identified. Among the vegetative organs, the maximum amount of flvaonoids was found in leaves, where the total content of flavonoids was 23,952.2 mg/g in the budding phase and reached a maximum of 25,472.71 mg/g (2.55%) at the ripening phase (1.88 times greater than in herbs at the beginning of flowering). In stems, the maximum amount of flavonoids (2,318.0 mg/g) was accumulated in the budding phase while the minimum (1,910.77 mg/g) was found at the beginning of seed ripening phase. the maximum amount of flavonoids in the reproductive organs was found in inflorescences, where the total content of flavonoids was 8,164.1 mg/g at the budding phase, reached a maximum of 15,226.39 mg/g in the full flowering phase, and then gradually decreased. Legumes at the beginning of ripening contained 8,892.3 mg/g flavonoids while seeds in the fully ripened phase contained only 4,270.1 mg/g (0.43%) flavonoids. Among the individual flavonoids, orientin and homoorientin predominated in all cases. Thus, not only the inflorescences of showy tick trefoil but also leaves can be used as medicinal raw material. The optimum time for collecting leaves for the raw material is from the budding phase until the beginning of fruit ripening.

V. Ribokaite

Papers

Quantitative HPLC estimation of flavonoids in showy tick trefoil herbs

Quantitative estimation of flavonoids in the vegetative and reproductive organs of showy tick trefoil (Desmodium canadense)