In this paper, we review some of the key concepts in ultrathin film magnetism which underpin nanomagnetism. We survey the results of recent experimental and theoretical studies of well characterized epitaxial structures based on Fe, Co and Ni to illustrate how intrinsic fundamental properties such as the magnetic exchange interactions, magnetic moment and magnetic anisotropies change markedly in ultrathin films as compared with their bulk counterparts, and to emphasize the role of atomic scale structure, strain and crystallinity in determining the magnetic properties. After introducing the key length scales in magnetism, we describe the 2D magnetic phase transition and survey studies of the thickness dependent Curie temperature and the critical exponents which characterize the paramagnetic–ferromagnetic phase transition. We next discuss recent experimental and theoretical results on the determination of the exchange constant, followed by an overview of measurements of the magnetic moment in the elemental 3d transition metal thin films in the various crystal phases that have been successfully stabilized, thereby illustrating the sensitivity of the magnetic moment to the local symmetry and to the atomic environment. Finally, we discuss briefly the magnetic anisotropies of Fe, Co and Ni in the fcc crystalline phase, to emphasize the role of structure and the details of the interface in influencing the magnetic properties. The dramatic effect that adsorbates can have on the magnetic anisotropies of thin magnetic films is also discussed. Our survey demonstrates that the fundamental properties, namely, the magnetic moment and magnetic anisotropies of ultrathin films have dramatically different behaviour compared with those of the bulk while the comparable size of the structural and magnetic contributions to the total energy of ultrathin structures results in an exquisitely sensitive dependence of the magnetic properties on the film structure.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/71/5/056501/pdf

Magnetism in ultrathin film structures

Surface composition analysis by low-energy ion scattering

Optical measurements of the Moon as a tool to study its surface

Structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of bcc iron surfaces

Calculations of bulk and surface defect energies were used to develop a model of the grain structure of doped BaTiO3, Segregation processes are expected as a consequence of thermo-dynamic and kinetic factors and result in the development of n-i-n junctions at intergranular contacts, thus leading to the observed PTCR behavior of polycrystalline materials.

PTCR Effect in BaTiO3

Simulating OH/H2O formation by solar wind at the lunar surface

Surface magnetic moments and electronic structure of Cr(100), Fe(100), and Ni(100) near the Fermi level

Preface CHAPTER 1. PHYSICS OF SECONDARY ION EMISSION Parameters of secondary ion emission Effect of the primary ion energy and current on SIE Effect of the target temperature on the SIE coefficient Angular dependence of secondary ion emission Secondary ion energy distribution Effect of primary ions and target material on secondary ion yield Effect of sample oxidation on SIE Polyatomic ion emission Mechanism of ionization of ejected atoms References CHAPTER 2. SIMS INSTRUMENTATION Ion sources Mass separation of primary beam Primary and secondary ion optics Mass spectrometers Ion detection and vacuum systems Mass-spectral microscopes Ion microprobes References CHAPTER 3. CONSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF SOLIDS BY SIMS Analytical characteristics of SIMS Qualitative constitutional analysis Physical background of quantitative analysis Methods of quantitative analysis Analysis of organic and biological samples Standards and cross-calibration of instruments References CHAPTER 4. IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS Technique of SIMS in-depth analysis Study of thin films (vacuum condensates) In-depth analysis of implantation profiles Spatially multidimensional SIMS analysis References CHAPTER 5. STUDY OF PROCESSES AT THE SURFACE Adsorption and catalysis Investigation of metal oxidation Comparison of SIMS with other methods of surface analysis References Index

Secondary ion mass spectroscopy of solid surfaces

Effect of initial ion bombardment and oxidation on emission of secondary ions

This review is devoted to structure effects related to the influence of the electronic system of the target and its phase composition in the secondary ion emission (SIE) of metals and alloys. Data on the anisotropy of SIE of single crystals and orientation effects playing a special role both in the understanding the physical processes upon emission of ions and in the practical use of the secondary-ion mass-spectroscopy technique are considered.

V. T. Cherepin

Papers

Simulating OH/H2O formation by solar wind at the lunar surface

Surface magnetic moments and electronic structure of Cr(100), Fe(100), and Ni(100) near the Fermi level

Secondary ion mass spectroscopy of solid surfaces

Effect of initial ion bombardment and oxidation on emission of secondary ions

Structure effects in secondary ion emission of metals and alloys