The absorption and emission properties of transition metal (TM)-doped zinc chalcogenides have been investigated to understand their potential application as room-temperature, mid-infrared tunable laser media. Crystals of ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe, individually doped with Cr/sup 2+/, Co/sup 2+/, Ni/sup 2+/, or Fe/sup 2+/ have been evaluated. The absorption and emission properties are presented and discussed in terms of the energy levels from which they arise. The absorption spectra of the crystals studied exhibit strong bands between 1.4 and 2.0 /spl mu/m which overlap with the output of strained-layer InGaAs diodes. The room-temperature emission spectra reveal wide-band emissions from 2-3 /spl mu/m for Cr and from 2.8-4.0 /spl mu/m for Co, Cr luminesces strongly at room temperature; Co exhibits significant losses from nonradiative decay at temperatures above 200 K, and Ni and Fe only luminesce at low temperatures, Cr/sup 2+/ is estimated to have the highest quantum yield at room temperature among the media investigated with values of /spl sim/75-100%. Laser demonstrations of Cr:ZnS and Cr:ZnSe have been performed in a laser-pumped laser cavity with a Co:MgF/sub 2/ pump laser. The output of both lasers were determined to peak at wavelengths near 2.35 /spl mu/m, and both lasers demonstrated a maximum slope efficiency of approximately 20%. Based on these initial results, the Cr/sup 2+/ ion is predicted to be a highly favorable laser ion for the mid-IR when doped into the zinc chalcogenides; Co/sup 2+/ may also serve usefully, but laser demonstrations yet remain to be performed.

Transition metal-doped zinc chalcogenides: Spectroscopy and laser demonstration of a new class of gain media

Transition metal (TM) doped II-VI chalcogenide laser materials offer a unique blend of physical, spectroscopic, and technological parameters that make them the gain media of choice for cost effective broadly tunable lasing in the Mid-IR. The II-VI semiconductor hosts provide a low phonon cut-off, broad IR transparency, and high thermal conductivity. When doped with transition metal ions, these materials feature ultrabroadband gain, low saturation intensities, and large pump absorption coefficients. This combined with the low-cost mass production technology of crystal fabrication by postgrowth thermal diffusion, as well as broad availability of convenient pump sources, make these materials ideal candidates for broadly tunable mid-IR lasing in CW, gain-switched, free running, and mode-locked regimes of operation. This review summarizes experimental results on optically pumped lasers based on Cr and Fe doped II-VI wide band semiconductors providing access to the 1.9-6 μm spectral range with a high (exceeding 60%) efficiency, multi-Watt-level (18 W in gain switch and 30 W in pure CW) output powers, tunability in excess of 1000 nm, short-pulse (<;50 fs) multi-watt oscillation, multi-Joule long-pulse output energy, and narrow spectral linewidth (<;100 kHz).

Progress in Mid-IR Lasers Based on Cr and Fe-Doped II–VI Chalcogenides

Enabling broad tunability, high peak and average power, ultrashort pulse duration, and all known modes of laser operation—transition-metal (TM)-doped II–VI chalcogenides are the materials of choice for direct lasing in the mid-IR. The host materials feature broad infrared transparency, high thermal conductivity, low phonon cutoff, low optical losses, and are available as either single crystals or polycrystalline ceramics. Doped with TM ions, these media exhibit a four-level energy structure, the absence of excited state absorption, as well as broad absorption and emission bands. Doped single-crystals of high optical quality are difficult to grow; however, the advent of postgrowth diffusion doped ceramics has resulted in significant progress in laser development. Here, we summarize recent experimental laser results on Cr and Fe doped II–VI chalcogenides providing access to the 1.8–6 μm spectral range with a high (>60%) efficiency, multi-Watt-level [140 W in continuous wave (CW)] output powers, tunability of >1000 nm, short-pulse (<16 fs) multi-Watt oscillation, and multi-Joule output energies in free running and gain-switched regimes. We also review recent results on hybrid fiber-bulk (Er-fiber/Er:YAG, Tm-fiber: Ho:YAG/YLF) systems combining high efficiency of CW fiber lasers with high pulse energies of bulk materials and serving as pump sources of gain-switched Cr:II-VI lasers.

Frontiers of Mid-IR Lasers Based on Transition Metal Doped Chalcogenides

Recent progress in fabrication and mid-IR lasing of transition metal doped II-VI single crystal and thermo-diffusion doped polycrystalline and hot-pressed ceramic gain media as well as nano and micro-crystalline laser active powders, powders in the liquid suspension, polymer-film, thin film waveguides and chalcogenides glass composites is reported.

Progress in mid-IR Cr 2+ and Fe 2+ doped II-VI materials and lasers [Invited]

Temperature and concentration quenching of mid-IR photoluminescence in iron doped ZnSe and ZnS laser crystals

Seeded free growth method with physical transport was used for preparation of large-size II—VI single crystals uniformly doped by transition metals directly during the growth. The grown crystals possess small intrinsic losses. Based on these crystals new results on development of mid-IR lasers were achieved. With the CdSe:Cr crystal pumped at the room temperature (RT) by a continuous wave (CW) 1.908-μm thulium fiber laser, output laser power at 2.6 μm was increased up to 1.7 W. CW lasing from the ZnSe:Fe crystal was achieved using the 2.97-μm CW Cr 2+ :CdSe laser as a pump source. In this case the output power as high as 0.2 W was obtained at 4.1 μm and T=80 K. Broad spectral tuning of the Cr 2+ :CdSe (2.26-3.61 μm) and Fe 2+ :ZnSe (3.95-5.05 μm) lasers was achieved at RT in the pulsed operation. The RT laser action from CdS:Cr and CdSe:Fe was demonstrated for the first time. The output power of the CW Cr +2 :CdS laser was 0.81 W. The pulsed Fe 2+ :CdSe laser was tuned in the 4.6-5.9 μm spectral range.

Room-temperature tunable mid-infrared lasers on transition-metal doped II–VI compound crystals grown from vapor phase

By using the seeded physical vapour transport (SPVT) method the CdS:Cr single crystals were grown. Doping concentration up to 5×1018 cm-3 was achieved. The emission lifetime of the exited state, 5E, of Cr2+ in CdS host was measured to be 0.93 μs at room temperature and 7.3 μs at liquid nitrogen temperature. The measured values of peak absorption and emission cross sections were found to be 1.4×10-18 and 1.1×10-18 cm2 respectively. Tuning possibility and efficiency of pulsed Cr2+:CdS laser was described. CW laser operation with slope efficiency of 52% and output power up to 0.79 W was obtained (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Cr2+:CdS crystal as a new material for room‐temperature tunable mid‐infrared lasing

Burner stabilized flames: Towards reliable experiments and modelling of transient combustion

A piecewise linear model of phytoplankton growth in the presence of a convective flow has been proposed in the paper. The model, in one-dimensional formulation, admits a stable autowave solution, propagating with a certain critical minimum velocity. The main purpose of the work is to study the features of the phytoplankton front propagation in the presence of vortex flow. The vortex flow represents chain of two-dimensional vortices described by the Taylor--Green solution of incompressible Navier--Stokes equations. Different regimes of wave propagation are revealed depending on the intensity of the vortex flow and the model parameters. In particular, the wobbling, zigzag, and jumping regimes are found if the velocity of convective flow is less or comparable, exceeds, and is much greater than the front propagation speed in still media, respectively. The front propagation velocity is characterized by definite types of dependence on the flow intensity in different regimes. 

V. V. Mislavskii

Papers

Room-temperature tunable mid-infrared lasers on transition-metal doped II–VI compound crystals grown from vapor phase

Cr2+:CdS crystal as a new material for room‐temperature tunable mid‐infrared lasing

Burner stabilized flames: Towards reliable experiments and modelling of transient combustion

Piecewise Linear Model of Phytoplankton Wave Propagation in Periodical Vortex Flow

Simultaneous Measurement of Concentration and Temperature in Methane–Hydrogen Flames by Laser-Induced Fluorescence