Trust Based Approaches for Secure Routing in VANET: A Survey

An Adhoc network is self configuring, self organizing, and infrastructure-less network without any centralized administration. In networking (wired and wireless), routing has been one of the important function we need to concentrate. Routing is the process in which, we will be sending the packets or messages from the source to the destination. In this paper, we will discuss on AODV (Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector) Routing Protocol which is a reactive protocol and it will create the route on-demand. In AODV, there are three types of messages that will govern the working process. They are RREQ, RREP, RERR messages. Here, we will discuss the functioning of AODV and how the process of route discovery and route maintenance takes place.

AODV Route Discovery and Route Maintenance in MANETs

Ad Hoc network is a temporal network which is managed by autonomous nodes which have the ability to communicate with each other without having fixed network infrastructure or any central base station. Due to some reasons such as dynamic changes of the network topology, trusting the nodes to each other, lack of fixed substructure for the analysis of nodes' behaviours and loss of specific offensive lines, this type of networks is not supportive against malicious nodes' attacks. One of these attacks is black hole attack. In this attack, the malicious nodes absorb data packets and destroy them. Thus, it is essential to present an algorithm against the black hole attacks. This article suggests a new algorithm which enhances the security of AODV routing protocol to encounter the black hole attacks. This algorithm tries to identify malicious nodes according to nodes' behaviours in an Ad Hoc network and delete them from routing. The suggested algorithm is simulated by NS2. The simulation results show some improvements in end-to-end delay and packet delivery rate in the suggested algorithm.

A modified algorithm to improve security and performance of AODV protocol against black hole attack

Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) is a dynamic wireless network in which each mobile node acts as a router. MANETs do not have any fixed network topology. The connection is established between the mobile nodes whenever the nodes need to exchange data. The connection is terminated as soon as the exchanging of data is completed. Routing in such a dynamic environment is a critical task. All these complexities are handled by the routing protocols. Routing protocols are the key component for communication among mobile nodes. The performance of routing protocols directly affects the performance of network. Performance of routing protocols is measured in terms of various qualitative and quantitative metrics. For better performance of Ad-hoc networks it is necessary to optimize the routing protocols. The AODV routing protocol is the most prominent among the reactive routing protocols. This survey paper provides the comparative analysis of AODV, AODV-UU, AOMDV, DSR and DYMO protocols.

A survey of reactive routing protocols in MANET

A MANET is a collection of mobile nodes by wireless links forming a dynamic topology without any network infrastructure such as routers, servers, access points/cables or centralized administration. The nodes are free to move about and organize themselves into a network. These nodes change position frequently. The main classes of routing protocols are Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid. A Reactive (on-demand) routing strategy is a popular routing category for wireless ad hoc routing. It is a relatively new routing philosophy that provides a scalable solution to relatively large network topologies. The design follows the idea that each node tries to reduce routing overhead by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested. DSR and AODV are reactive route discovery algorithms where a mobile device of MANET connects by gateway only when it is needed. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying performance metrics. These simulations are carried out using the ns-2 network simulator. Keywords - AODV, DSR, MANET, NS-2, Reactive routing protocols, Survey.

/pdf/survey-of-reactive-routing-protocols-for-manet-mkvoo1kehm.pdf

Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANET

The Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is designed for use in ad-hoc mobile networks. AODV is a reactive protocol: the routes are created only when they are needed. It uses traditional routing tables, one entry per destination, and sequence numbers to determine whether routing information is up- to-date and to prevent routing loops. An important feature of AODV is the maintenance of time-based states in each node: a routing-entry not recently used is expired. In case of a route is broken the neighbors can be notified. Route discovery is based on query and reply cycles, and route information is stored in all intermediate nodes along the route in the form of route table entries. The following control packets are used: routing request message (RREQ) is broadcasted by a node requiring a route to another node, routing reply message (RREP) is unicasted back to the source of RREQ, and route error message (RERR) is sent to notify other nodes of the loss of the link. HELLO messages are used for detecting and monitoring links to neighbors.

An Overview of AODV Routing Protocol

Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) is a routing protocol used for Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). MANET is formed by mobile nodes connected by multi-hop wireless links without centralized access points or backbone network. Popularity of MANET has been increased because of the availability of license-free wireless communication devices. MANETs can be used for disaster-management, business meetings, military operations, rescue operations, or in a situation where temporary communication network among some nodes is demanded. Routing protocols used in fixed infrastructure networks cannot be efficiently used for mobile ad-hoc networks, so that MANET requires different protocols. This paper presents the analysis of performance of one of the routing protocols used in mobile ad-hoc networks (AODV) under various parameter-patterns with two path loss models, i.e. Two-ray and Free-space model.

/pdf/study-of-performance-variation-of-aodv-routing-protocol-for-xb4arvug90.pdf

Study of Performance Variation of AODV Routing Protocol for Various Parameter Patterns using Qualnet Simulator

recent years, with the increasing use of laptops, iPods', PDA, etc. the demand for ad-hoc networks has been increased. Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a network used to provide communication among various devices without any need for pre-existing infrastructure. MANET is formed by mobile nodes connected by wireless links without access points and backbone networks. It can be used for various applications as disaster management, conferences, military operations, rescue operations, and many more. Routing Protocols, other than conventional protocols are required for routing purposes in MANET. In this paper, performance of ad-hoc routing protocols as AODV, DSR and DYMO are analyzed under the effect of two shadowing model, as Constant and Lognormal. KeywordsAd-hoc networks, AODV, Constant Shadowing model, Lognormal Shadowing model, DSR, DYMO.

/pdf/analyzing-the-effect-of-constant-and-lognormal-shadowing-2olxbvc44y.pdf

Analyzing the effect of Constant and Lognormal Shadowing Model on Ad-hoc Routing Protocols

Today in every field wireless technology is used, for as Medical, Factory Automation, Search, Rescue, etc,. IEEE 802.11 is an option but infrastructure cost is too high, so the option is IEEE 802.15.4, especially Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN). The low rate WPANs is intended to serve a set of industrial, residential and medical applications with very low power consumption and cost and with relaxed needs for data rate and QoS. The low data rate enables the LR-WPAN to consume very little power. The applications are Integrated Medical Systems, Automatic Traffic Control, Energy Conservation, and many more. In this paper, the impact of Beacon order (BO) and Superframe order (SO) on beacon-enabled IEEE 802.15.4 is analyzed. The QoS parameters which are of concern are throughput, packet loss rate, average end-to-end delay and energy consumption.

/pdf/impact-of-bo-and-so-on-beacon-enabled-ieee-802-15-4-7bpgttsg2r.pdf

Impact of BO and SO on Beacon-Enabled IEEE 802. 15. 4

MANET is a collection of dynamic mobile wireless nodes. These nodes are communicating with each other through wireless link. In MANET there is no need of pre-existing fixed network infrastructure. Since, in MANET the network topology changes dynamically due to the mobility of nodes thus, routing becomes a challenging issue. For optimizing the route between source and destination, a variety of routing protocols for varying network conditions have been analyzed and this is the active area of research for authors. IETF MANET Working Group have been standardized the most popular reactive routing protocol AODV and DYMO which are used in MANETs. In our paper, we present performance comparison results of two reactive routing protocols namely AODV and DYMO under Free Space and Two Ray propagation models by varying packet rate, using Discrete-event simulator QualNet version 5.2. Simulations are run to analyze the different network parameters such as throughput, average end-toend delay, average jitter, packet delivery ratio and total bytes received.

/pdf/performance-measurement-and-analysis-of-aodv-and-dymo-3l5bc896d8.pdf

Vaishali Sahu

Papers

An Overview of AODV Routing Protocol

Study of Performance Variation of AODV Routing Protocol for Various Parameter Patterns using Qualnet Simulator

Analyzing the effect of Constant and Lognormal Shadowing Model on Ad-hoc Routing Protocols

Impact of BO and SO on Beacon-Enabled IEEE 802. 15. 4

Performance Measurement and Analysis of AODV and DYMO Routing Protocols for MANET under Free Space and Two Ray Propagation Models