Big Data has emerged in the past few years as a new paradigm providing abundant data and opportunities to improve and/or enable research and decision-support applications with unprecedented value for digital earth applications including business, sciences and engineering. At the same time, Big Data presents challenges for digital earth to store, transport, process, mine and serve the data. Cloud computing provides fundamental support to address the challenges with shared computing resources including computing, storage, networking and analytical software; the application of these resources has fostered impressive Big Data advancements. This paper surveys the two frontiers – Big Data and cloud computing – and reviews the advantages and consequences of utilizing cloud computing to tackling Big Data in the digital earth and relevant science domains. From the aspects of a general introduction, sources, challenges, technology status and research opportunities, the following observations are offered: (i...

https://tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2016.1239771

Big Data and cloud computing: innovation opportunities and challenges

Steganography is the art of hiding the fact that communication is taking place, by hiding information in other information. Many different carrier file formats can be used, but digital images are the most popular because of their frequency on the Internet. For hiding secret information in images, there exists a large variety of steganographic techniques some are more complex than others and all of them have respective strong and weak points. Different applications have different requirements of the steganography technique used. For example, some applications may require absolute invisibility of the secret information, while others require a larger secret message to be hidden. This paper intends to give an overview of image steganography, its uses and techniques. It also attempts to identify the requirements of a good steganographic algorithm and briefly reflects on which steganographic techniques are more suitable for which applications.

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An overview of image steganography.

Comprehensive Survey of Image Steganography: Techniques, Evaluations, and Trends in Future Research

Image based steganography uses the images as the cover media. LSB is a commonly used technique in this filed. Several scenarios of utilizing least significant bits within images are available. We merge between the ideas from the random pixel manipulation methods and the stego-key ones to propose our work, which uses the least two significant bits of one of the channels to indicate existence of data in the other two channels. This work showed attractive results especially in the capacity of the data-bits to be hidden with relation to the RGB image pixels.

Pixel Indicator High Capacity Technique for RGB Image Based Steganography

The aim of this study is to review the strength and weakness for the possible multimedia cover for the steganography approaches. In addition, the security level of each approach and how is probable to combine the steganography and cryptography. Steganography is an art on which the data can be hide in other data as cover, the multimedia files is the commonly used for hiding data. The main aspects of the steganography is the capacity and security, where the capacity refer to how much data can be hidden in the cover carrier, while the security concern with the ability of disclose or altering the data by unauthorized party. The multimedia files, such as, image, video, audio and text are the possible covers for hiding secure information or data. Each of these covers has advantages and disadvantages; as a result of this study we will discuss the possibility to use these files as a cover. In the last part of this study, we suggest a further direction to improve the capacity and security aspects.

On the capacity and security of steganography approaches: An overview

With the ever increasing amount and variety of data to be stored and transmitted in various mediums, the specification of security which has to be established at various levels of medium access and the accompanying issues of authentication and authorization has become a critical factor. Various steganographic, watermarking and data-embedding algorithms have usually manipulated the actual data in order to either hide any coveted information or to provide some level of access control over the medium. The mediums are usually images, video, audio etc., wherein specific portions or the overall space is usually 'corrupted' with 'significant' data. We attempt to bring out the significance of the steganographic techniques that are employed in information processing algorithms for data security. It deals with the problem of data security, focusing mainly on images, and tries to state the various properties and characteristics that the steganographic algorithms should possess. We also highlight the technique of masking used in the conventional steganographic LSB algorithms and in its variants.

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VenkatramanS

Papers

Significance of steganography on data security