The boundary layer equations for plane, incompressible, and steady flow are 

$$\matrix{ {u{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + v{{\partial u} \over {\partial y}} = - {1 \over \varrho }{{\partial p} \over {\partial x}} + v{{{\partial ^2}u} \over {\partial {y^2}}},} \cr {0 = {{\partial p} \over {\partial y}},} \cr {{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + {{\partial v} \over {\partial y}} = 0.} \cr }$$

Boundary Layer Theory

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307/3343529.pdf

Making Ends Meet: How Single Mothers Survive Welfare and Low-Wage Work

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with neurodegeneration in vulnerable limbic and heteromodal regions of the cerebral cortex, detectable in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging. It is not clear whether abnormalities of cortical anatomy in AD can be reliably measured across different subject samples, how closely they track symptoms, and whether they are detectable prior to symptoms. An exploratory map of cortical thinning in mild AD was used to define regions of interest that were applied in a hypothesis-driven fashion to other subject samples. Results demonstrate a reliably quantifiable in vivo signature of abnormal cortical anatomy in AD, which parallels known regional vulnerability to AD neuropathology. Thinning in vulnerable cortical regions relates to symptom severity even in the earliest stages of clinical symptoms. Furthermore, subtle thinning is present in asymptomatic older controls with brain amyloid binding as detected with amyloid imaging. The reliability and clinical validity of AD-related cortical thinning suggests potential utility as an imaging biomarker. This “disease signature” approach to cortical morphometry, in which disease effects are mapped across the cortical mantle and then used to define ROIs for hypothesis-driven analyses, may provide a powerful methodological framework for studies of neuropsychiatric diseases.

The Cortical Signature of Alzheimer's Disease: Regionally Specific Cortical Thinning Relates to Symptom Severity in Very Mild to Mild AD Dementia and is Detectable in Asymptomatic Amyloid-Positive Individuals

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The Nature Of The Chemical Bond

La politique culturelle : genèse d'une catégorie d'intervention publique

Contents: Foreword, Steven Maynard-Moody Preface to the English edition Introduction Part I The Social Conditions of the Administrative Relationship: The public Organising face-to-face encounters An unequal relationship Administrative exchanges, normative exchanges. Part II The Agent's Two Bodies: The post and the role of the agent On becoming an agent The agents as individuals Facing misery Managing social inequality The agent's separate identities. Part III Questioning the Institutional Order: Flaws in the system Putting up with the institution The return of the repressed individual Adapting the institution Appendices Indexes.

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The Bureaucrat and the Poor: Encounters in French Welfare Offices

Policy ethnography approaches provide useful qualitative data that give a nuanced and realistic ground-level view of policies too often analyzed abstractly from the top. However, the scope of these approaches must not be limited to producing more precise information. Fieldwork on the control of welfare recipients in France shows that ethnography, and more specifically direct observation, is particularly suited to uncovering the structural features of the new wave of public policies sweeping through advanced societies in the wake of the demise of the Fordist–Keynesian compact. Among other consequences, the ‘de-objectivation’ of the collective categories created during the process of welfare state development leads to more stringent and intense controls of recipients. These controls are based on loose criteria defined in situated practices and interactions. The ethnographic capture and analysis of the concrete practices of agents of welfare bureaucracies enable us to track and critique the more abstract tra...

Towards a critical policy ethnography: lessons from fieldwork on welfare control in France

ResumeLes approches ethnographiques sont utiles pour la collecte d’un materiau qualitatif offrant une vision nuancee et realiste des politiques publiques. Leur ambition ne doit cependant pas se limiter a completer par des informations detaillees les approches macro-sociales ou institutionnelles. A partir d’une enquete sur le controle des assistes sociaux en France, on verra ainsi que le travail ethnographique de terrain, et en particulier l’observation directe, peuvent s’averer propices au devoilement de caracteristiques structurelles de l’intervention publique. En l’occurrence, la desobjectivation des categories collectives construites a la faveur du developpement de l’Etat social conduit notamment a des controles sans cesse plus etroits des assistes. Ces controles sont fondes sur des criteres flous definis en pratique et en situation. La restitution de ces pratiques et situations grâce a l’enquete ethnographique est ainsi appelee par des evolutions d’ensemble. L’enquete ethnographique permet en retour l’examen critique de ces evolutions. Nos enquetes sur les transformations du traitement des assistes sociaux illustrent ainsi ce que l’on se propose d’appeler une ethnographie critique de l’action publique.

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Ethnographier l'action publique: Les transformations de l'État social au prisme de l'enquête de terrain

Dans cet ouvrage, les interactions entre representants institutionnels et demandeurs d'aide dans des organismes sociaux forment un angle d'observation permettant d'analyser les conditions sociales et les modalites pratiques de l'actualisation des normes etatiques. C'est leur traduction en actes, leur inculcation et leurs effets sur les administres qui ont retenu l'attention au cours des mois d'enquete, et des quelque 900 interactions observees. Loin du reductionnisme de certaine « microsociologie », il s'agit dans ce travail d'operer un constant va et vient entre les determinations sociales qui s'imposent a ces relations de face a face et la contribution de ce traitement bureaucratique individualise au maintien de l'ordre social. C'est ce que ce livre tente de faire en analysant la definition du role des guichetiers, qui se dessine dans les trajectoires (retracees notamment grâce a une serie d'entretiens), les relations institutionnelles et le face-a-face plus qu'il n'est codifie dans un reglement. La vie au guichet montre en particulier, en s'inspirant de la theorie du « double corps » exposee par Ernst Kantorowicz, comment le dedoublement entre le titulaire d'une fonction et l'agent social porteur de dispositions particulieres, est necessairement inscrit dans l'accomplissement des fonctions bureaucratiques, et permet le deploiement des strategies (ambiguisation, rapprochement ou distanciation, etc.) de ceux qui les accomplissent. Parallelement, la description precise des procedures bureaucratiques de categorisation et d'identification montre la place determinante qu'y occupe la distance sociale entre bureaucrate et usager. Loin du mythe de « l'egalite devant le service public », des « services » tres differents sont de fait offerts en fonction des positions respectives des protagonistes. C'est ainsi qu'on peut comprendre comment s'etablit tout une gamme possible, de la formalite cantonnee au registre technique a l'injonction moralisante et l'assignation autoritaire de statut. Cette sociologie de la domination bureaucratique invite a prendre des distances a l'egard de la representation spontanement weberienne d'une administration legale-rationnelle et anonyme. Elle propose egalement une vision nuancee de cette domination, en restituant ce qui, des pratiques des « assistes », y echappe ou, en tout cas, permet de l'accommoder.

Vincent Dubois

Papers

La politique culturelle : genèse d'une catégorie d'intervention publique

The Bureaucrat and the Poor: Encounters in French Welfare Offices

Towards a critical policy ethnography: lessons from fieldwork on welfare control in France

Ethnographier l'action publique: Les transformations de l'État social au prisme de l'enquête de terrain

La vie au guichet.