The Customs Union Issue . By Viner Jacob. (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1950. Pp. viii, 221. $2.50.)

世界銀行・政策研究報告書『援助を評価する:援助効果を左右するカギは何か?』(Assessing Aid: What works, what doesn't, and why)

Effects of mergers on corporate performance: An empirical evaluation using OLS and the empirical Bayesian methods

Data about the mortality risk of scheduled passenger air travel over 2000--2007 around the world is examined in this paper. Worldwide, the average passenger death risk per scheduled flight over 2000--2007 was about one in 3.0 million. However, much as the center of mass of a doughnut is the center of the hole---where there is no mass---the worldwide average represents the actual risk level in few if any countries. The data support a three-population risk model across nations, in which the differences in death risk are not statistically significant within groups but are highly significant across groups. The safest nations are the traditional first-world countries (e.g., Canada, Japan), with a death risk per flight of about 1 in 14 million. Next safest are those developing-world nations that have either have recently attained first-world status (e.g., Singapore, South Korea) or are classified by experts as newly industrialized (e.g., Brazil, China) Their aggregrate death risk per flight was about 1 in 2 million. The least safe nations statistically are remaining developing-world countries, with a death risk per flight of about 1 in 800,000. In terms of relative risk, divergences within the developing world are modest compared to the overall difference between the first and developing worlds. The observed risk pattern might reflect a confluence of economic and cultural factors.

Cross-National Differences in Aviation Safety Records

Soils perform more functions than primary productivity. Examples of these functions are the recycling of nutrients, the regulation and purification of water, the regulation of the climate, and supporting biodiversity. These abilities are generally referred to as the soil quality. Soil management that favors primary productivity may have positive and negative impacts on the other functions, and vice versa, depending on soil and climatic conditions. All these functions are under pressure, particularly in intensive agriculture. In the absence of mandatory regulations, most European farmers give limited attention to other functions than primary productivity in spite of recommendations by scientists, society and policy makers to acknowledge the ecosystem services provided by soils. The present paper analyses the underlying causes of this limited attention for the multi-functionality of soils by farmers. It is concluded that their focus on primary productivity may stem from (1) insufficient visible proof for soil degradation and benefits of preventive measures over curative measures, (2) limited awareness or conviction of long-term synergies, (3) insufficient remuneration of ecosystem services by society or compensation of yield penalties in favor of these services, (4) lacking trustworthy knowledge about and support for multi-functional soil management, and (5) absence of incentives and regulations on soil management and their enforcement. All these shortcomings need to be addressed by advisors, scientists, and policy makers, whilst acknowledging the need for underpinning and differentiation of incentives and regulations.

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Multi-functional land use is not self-evident for European farmers: a critical review.

Ekonomika i politika Europske unije

Poljopriveda je uz transport jedino podrucje koje je regulirano uvođenjem zajednickih politika u Rimskom sporazumu. Ciljevi su agrarne politike predviđeni tim Sporazumom visestruki, a najvažniji je smanjenje uvoza i zadovoljavanje potreba stanovnistva. Za realizaciju tih ciljeva Europska unija izdvajala je iz komunitarnog budžeta vise od 70% sredstava, sto je opterecivalo realizaciju drugih politika i ukupne ciljeve Europske unije. Ocito je da se namece potreba reforme poljoprivrede radi usmjeravanja sredstava na realizaciju drugih ciljeva Europske unije, a i za potrebe prikljucivanja novih zemalja u europski prostor. Na tom je putu, u Agendi 2000, Europska unija trasirala ciljeve prilagodbe agrarne politike novim međunarodnim uvjetima koji zahtijevaju ukljucivanje poljoprivrede u međunarodne multilateralne pregovore i njezinu potpunu liberalizaciju.

Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union

Deindustrialization is a natural process in the developed countries, which takes place under the influence of external and internal factors and occurs as a result of economic growth. It is marked by the decline in the share of industry in GDP and employment with a simultaneous increased importance of the service sector. Considering the complexity of the concept, there are many theoretical approaches of deindustrialisation. In this paper the analysis of deindustrialization in the EU was conducted. The research results indicate the existence of relative deindustrialization in the EU, which is characterized by reduced share of agriculture and industry and increased share of the service sector in GDP. Also, it was found that the decrease in employment in the industry was not created as a result of a decrease in industrial production. The EU economy, including the industrial sector, is heavily influenced by the globalization process, while the process of deindustrialization is significantly impacted by the increased volume of foreign direct investment. In key strategic documents European industry is recognized as the main "engine" of the recovery of the European economy. Therefore, the highest  priority is the creation of conditions for the process of reindustrialization, i.e. the development of industry in the variable circumstances, with an emphasis on strengthening and improving the industrial foundation and implementation of new solutions based on innovation, research and new technologies.

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Deindustrialization as a process in the eu

Mergers and acquisitions represent a prominent phenomenon of the developed capitalist world. Growth of the company through mergers and acquisitions provides access to new markets and resources, and the success or failure is of great importance not only for the companies involved in these transactions, but also for all subjects as well as for the overall economy. Given the fact that the results of a large number of studies suggest that the failure rate of mergers and acquisitions is high, the main objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of industry structure on the success of mergers and acquisitions. The empirical research was conducted on the sample of Croatian companies from non- financial sector that were taken over in the period from 1998 to 2006. The following hypothesis was tested and confirmed: the lower the concentration ratio of the target company's industry, the more successful is the target company's performance after the takeover.

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Impact of industry structure on success of mergers and acquisitions

During the first decade of the 21st century, the newly industrialized countries have been the focal point of economic activities. In the last several years, the growth of these “21st century tigers” has been spectacular. The developed countries no longer dominate in international economy which raises their concern while observing the success of these newly industrialized countries and especially the way of their development. The spectacular accumulation of the newly industrialized countries’ current account balance surplus has greatly modified the allocation of monetary reserves in the world: three quarters of the foreign reserves are held by these countries. This new situation has caused a change in the internal balance of world finance. These big newly industrialized countries are, varying in degree, engaged in trade liberalization and multilateral negotiations: e.g. China joined WTO in 2001 ; many of them have become the regional leaders and the porte-paroles of the South. The power of economic “giants” such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa i.e. the “BRICS” is inevitable. However, these countries are giants with feet of clay resulting in a dangerous impact in times of global economic crisis. Therefore, the vulnerability of these countries is manifested through a number of negative externalities in the world. This should convince the rich countries to fully join in the creation of new mechanisms of international governance in the future. This paper analyzes the newly industrialized countries and their impact on economic growth through the prism of international governance and the creation of a new international economic order.

Vinko Kandžija

Papers

Ekonomika i politika Europske unije

Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union

Deindustrialization as a process in the eu

Impact of industry structure on success of mergers and acquisitions

Newly industrialized countries : the moving force of economic growth