The application of nanomedicines is increasing rapidly with the promise of targeted and efficient drug delivery. Nanomedicines address the shortcomings of conventional therapy, as evidenced by several preclinical and clinical investigations indicating site-specific drug delivery, reduced side effects, and better treatment outcome. The development of suitable and biocompatible drug delivery vehicles is a prerequisite that has been successfully achieved by using simple and functionalized liposomes, nanoparticles, hydrogels, micelles, dendrimers, and mesoporous particles. A variety of drug delivery vehicles have been established for the targeted and controlled delivery of therapeutic agents in a wide range of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. After successful outcomes in preclinical and clinical trials, many of these drugs have been marketed for human use, such as Abraxane®, Caelyx®, Mepact®, Myocet®, Emend®, and Rapamune®. Apart from drugs/compounds, novel therapeutic agents, such as peptides, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and genes have also shown potential to be used as nanomedicines for the treatment of several chronic ailments. However, a large number of extensive clinical trials are still needed to ensure the short-term and long-term effects of nanomedicines in humans. This review discusses the advantages of various drug delivery vehicles for better understanding of their utility in terms of current medical needs. Furthermore, the application of a wide range of nanomedicines is also described in the context of major chronic diseases.

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Targeted therapy in chronic diseases using nanomaterial-based drug delivery vehicles

The purpose of this study was to reduce the hemolysis of artificial red blood cells by extracting phospolipids from egg yolk through microencapsulation to evaluate the oxygen transfer rate of artificial red blood cells in an intravascular artificial lung device. In this study, hemosome was produced to encapsulate hemoglobin which extracted the red blood cell of bovine blood with phospolipids reduced egg yolk. The solution blended blood with hemosome at the rate of 4 to 1 and normal blood measured the oxygen transfer rate. The hemolysis of the microencapsulated artificial red blood cell measured less than the normal red blood cell through absorptivity. Due to the phospolipids enclosing the red blood cell to protect it, the produced hemosome operated at a higher oxygen transfer rate by reducing the demolition of hemoglobin. Consequently, hemolysis was observed to advance through micoencapsulation.

Microencapsulation 헤모글로빈 인공적혈구의 용혈

Nanostructured drug delivery for better management of tuberculosis

The formulation of nanomedicines for treating tuberculosis.

Nanotechnology has offered enormous improvement in field of therapeutics by means of designing of drug delivery systems and opened the possibility of controlling infections at the molecular level. Nanocarriers can cross biological barriers and are able to target cellular reservoirs of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Nanoparticle-based systems have significant potential for treatment and prevention of tuberculosis (TB). A variety of nanocarriers have been widely evaluated as potential drug delivery systems for various administration routes. Targeting the drugs to certain physiological sites such as the lymph nodes has emerged as a promising strategy in treating TB with improved drug bioavailability and reduction of the dosing frequency. Nanotechnology based rational targeting may improve therapeutic success by limiting adverse drug effects and requiring less frequent administration regimes, ultimately resulting in more patients compliance and thus attain higher adherence levels. The development of nanoparticle based aerosol vaccine is undergoing which could serve as new platform for immunization. Present article compiles the general physiological aspects of the infection along with the relevance nanocarriers used in prevention of tuberculosis

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Present status of nanoparticle research for treatment of Tuberculosis

Purpose: This study aimed at the preparation and characterization of preformed and in situ formed liposomes for sustained delivery to the lungs. Methods: Two different liposome formulations were prepared and subjected to characterization of physical parameters and drug release profile (% cumulative drug release and % drug retained). Formulations were then subjected to accelerated stability studies as per ICH guidelines. Results: In situ formed liposome showed better sustained release profile than the preformed liposome as it released sufficient amount of drug while retaining considerable amount of drug. Upon subjection to accelerated conditions for 60 days, preformed liposome lost the objective of being controlled release formulation.

Targeted drug delivery of Rifampicin to the lungs: formulation, characterization, and stability studies of preformed aerosolized liposome and in situ formed aerosolized liposome

This study aimed at the preparation and characterization of preformed and in-situ formed liposomes for controlled delivery to the lungs Two different liposome formulations were prepared and subjected to characterization of physical parameters (vesicle size, appearance, discharge rate, spray pattern and internal pressure) and drug release profile (% cumulative drug release and % drug retained) Formulations were then subjected to accelerated stability studies as per ICH guidelines It was observed that vesicle size ranged between 235 ± 023 - 241± 03 μm and 122 ± 022- 134 ± 015 μm respectively for preformed and in-situ formed liposomes The discharge rate and spray area were in ranges of 110 ± 24 -123 ± 26 & 115± 24 -127±23 mg/ actuation & 125 ±17 -141± 22 and 139 ± 21- 147± 20 cm2 respectively In-situ liposomes showed better controlled release profile then preformed liposomes as it released 765± 24 - 585 ± 18 % drug in 12 hour while retaining 235 ± 19- 415 ± 16 % drug whereas preformed liposomes showed cumulative release of 665 ± 22- 845 ± 23 % and 155 ± 24- 335± 21 % fraction retained Upon subjection to accelerated conditions for a period of 60 days, preformed liposome completely lost the objective of being controlled release formulation as they showed 92± 24 % cumulative release and only 08 ± 16 % fraction retained whereas in-situ formulation showed 62 ± 23 % cumulative release and 38 ± 21 % fraction retained

In-situ formation of liposome of rifampicin: better availability for better treatment.

Nearly 30-45 % of new seeds discovered by recent techniques suffer from poor aqueous
solubility. Various techniques, used to enhance the aqueous solubility, are reported to produce
many disadvantages. Solid dispersion technique is widely used to enhance aqueous solubility.
In spite of consciousness in solid dispersions technique, investigators have been able to provide
only few numbers of carriers to the industry. Moreover these carriers are reported to produce
many disadvantages. Therefore, definitely there is need to explore such new carriers. Current
study was undertaken to explore suitability of one such carrier crospovidone as solubility
enhancer. Physical mixtures, kneading mixtures and solid dispersions were prepared by solvent
evaporation technique using piroxicam as model drug. Kneading mixtures at drug carrier ratio
of 1:7 produced maximum solubility. The resulting systems were subjected to solubility analysis
and in vitro dissolution studies, flow properties, X-ray diffraction, Infrared Fourier Transform
Spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry. Kneading mixtures at 1:7 ratio
produced improved flow properties in comparison to pure piroxicam. The % drug dissolved after
5 minutes for PRX: CrosPVP KM 1:7 and pure piroxicam was 26.43 % and 11.49% respectively.
86.57 % of piroxicam was dissolved from PRX: CrosPVP KM 1:7 after 120 minutes. Kneading
mixtures were successfully compressed in tablets having all post compression parameters within
limit in comparison to tablets prepared using MCC or calcium phosphate as diluent. Lower
energy required for dissolution due to change in crystal lattice is responsible for improvement in
solubility of drug.

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Vipin Bihari Gupta

Papers

Targeted drug delivery of Rifampicin to the lungs: formulation, characterization, and stability studies of preformed aerosolized liposome and in situ formed aerosolized liposome

In-situ formation of liposome of rifampicin: better availability for better treatment.

Industry feasible method to improve solubility of Piroxicam withCrospovidone: Preparation, Characterization and tabletingconsideration

Evaluation of gum ghatii as a novel solubility enhancer for poorly water soluble drugs