Showing papers by "Vipin Kumar published in 2012"

Pharmacovigilance: Needs and Objectives

Abstract: INTRODUCTION The under-reporting of adverse drug reactions is the major setback worldwide which may be attributed to the lack of time and report forms. It has been known that world health organization (WHO) has initiated the program of reporting all adverse reactions possessed by the drugs. [1] The further awareness about the adverse drug reactions resulted in emergence of the practice and science of pharmacovigilance, which can be defined as the science of detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other possible drug-related problems. [2-3] It is widely accepted that a drug has to go through various phases of clinical trial to establish its safety and efficacy before it is marketed commercially. However, the clinical trials offer various limitations, like; strict criteria of inclusion and exclusion make it to be used in a very selective group of patients; special population groups like children, pregnant woman, and old age population are not studied during the trials; and other factors causing drug reactions such as genetic factors, environmental factors, and drug-drug interactions may not have been studied during the clinical trials. [4] Hence, need of pharmacovigilance has been demanded, which include the detection, assessment, and prevention of adverse drug reactions in humans. [5-6] Moreover, its concerns have been widened to include the herbal drug products; traditional and complementary medicines; blood products; biologicals; medical devices; and vaccines. In addition, pharmacovigilance possess various roles like, identification, quantification and documentation of drug-related problems which are responsible for drug-related injuries. [7-8] Further, national pharmacovigilance programmes have been introduced which occupies a prime role in increasing the public awareness about drug safety. [9-10] This review article discusses about the need and objectives of pharmacovigilance in day-to-day lives. Additionally, various adherents and followers of pharmacovigilance have been argued in the present review.

Effect of GA3 and IAA on growth and flowering of carnation.

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to find out effect of plant growth promotors (GA3 and IAA) on growth and flowering of carnation under open field condition of Western Uttar Pradesh. Four levels of each of gibberellic acid (0, 50, 100n and 150 ppm) and IAA (0, 100, 200 and 300 ppm) were sprayed on standing crop of carnation in factorial R.B.D. with three replications. Results revealed that higher concentration of GA3 (150 ppm) or IAA (300 ppm) applied individually responded favourable effects on most of the paramaters studied. The interaction of higher levels of both the hormones (150 ppm GA3 300 ppm IAA) influenced significantly to all the characters except no. of side shoots and diameter of stem.

Transdermal drug delivery system: a novel technique to enhance therapeutic efficacy and safety of drugs

Abstract: The conventional oral dosage forms has significant drawbacks of low bioavailability due to hepatic first pass metabolism and tendency to produce rapid blood level spikes (Both high and low), leading to a need for frequent dosing, which can be both cost ineffective and inconvenient. To improve such characters transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) was emerged which will improve the therapeutic efficacy and safety of drugs by more precise (i.e. site specific) placement within the body thereby reducing both the size and number of doses. The TDDS has numerous advantages over the more traditional drug delivery system. These include high bioavailability, absence of first pass hepatic metabolism, maintenance of steady plasma level of the drug, increase therapeutic efficiency. This review article provides an overview of TDDS, its advantages over conventional dosage forms, Limitations, various components of Transdermal patches, types of Transdermal patches, methods of preparation and Ideal requirements for TDDS, regulatory issues over transdermal drug delivery and its physicochemical methods of evaluation.

Recent advances and patent perspectives in gastroretentive technology.

Abstract: Gastroretentive drug delivery technology has emerged as an efficient approach for enhancing the bioavailability and controlled delivery of various therapeutic molecules. Myriad of patents issued in the vistas of gastroretentive technology have inspired scientific community worldwide to develop more innovative strategies for the fabrication of drug delivery devices which can be retained in stomach for a controlled period of time. The present paper describes various recent efforts and technological advancements of gastroretentive drug delivery systems along with potential advantages and available marketed preparations. Numerous significant patents concerning gastroretentive drug delivery devices are also highlighted.

Correlation and path coefficient analysis for certain metric traits in bottle gourd (Lagenaria Siceraria M.) using line x tester analysis

Abstract: The present investigation was conducted to find out the correlation and Path coefficient effects in bottle gourd to identifying desirable combiners. The experiment comprising 24 hybrids obtain by crossing using 11 parents (eight lines viz. C-29, C-37, C-74, C-78, C-4, C-55, C-34, C-26 and three tester viz. C-12 (Azad Harit), C-21 (PSPL) and C-35 (KLG). The observation were recorded on days to germination, days to fruit setting, fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), number of branches per plant, vine length (m), number of seeds per fruit, number of fruits per plant, days to maturity, fruit yield per plant were worked out through line x tester analysis All the hybrids along with their parents were grown in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replication at Horticultural Research Center of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology-Meerut, during Kharif 2008 and 2009. Results pertaining that, fruit yield per plant showed highly significant positive association with days to fruit setting, days to maturity and number of fruits per plant at genotypic and phenotypic levels in F1s. The path coefficient analysis was done to determine the direct and indirect effects on fruit yield per plant viz., days to germination, days to fruit setting, fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), number of branches per plant, vine length (m), number of seeds per fruit, number of fruits per plant and days to maturity.

Effect of integrated nutrient management on cut flower production of tuberose (Polianthes Tuberosa L.) var. Suvasini

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to determine the comparative effect of integrated nutrient management on the cut flower production of tuberose in randomized block design (RBD), having 12 treatments T1 RDF (240:160:100 kg NPK ha−1), T2 75% RDF ha−1, T3 125% RDF ha−1, T4 75% RD F + 250q FYM ha−1, T5 75% RDF +500q FYM ha−1, T6 75% RDF + 125q Vermicompost ha−1, T7 75% RDF + 250q Vermicompost ha−1, T8 75% RDF + 250q FYM + 125q Vermicompost ha−1, T9 75% RDF + 250q FYM + 250q Vermicompost ha−1, T10 75% RDF + 500q FYM + 125q Vermicompost ha−1, T11 75% RDF + 500q FYM + 250q Vermicompost ha−1 and untreated (control) which were replicated thrice during spring season 2008 and 2009. The effect of these applications was also recorded on predators and yield attributes. All the treatments had the comparable better floral qualities as well as higher cut flower production than un-treated control. Among all the treatments, the maximum number of shoot clump−1 (18.95) and number of leaves shoot−1 (19.44) were recorded with the application of 75% recommended dose of NPK + 500q FYM ha−1 + 250q Vermicompost ha−1. The maximum spike yield (205030.71 spikes/ha) were recorded with the application of 75% recommended dose of NPK + 500q ha−1 FYM + 250q ha−1 Vermicompost followed by 75% recommended dose of NPK + 500 q ha−1 FYM + 125 q ha−1 Vermicompost (199778.50 spikes/ha) although both the treatments did not varied significantly.

Wave Transmission in Dispersive Si-Based One Dimensional Photonic Crystal

Abstract: Transmission of electromagnetic waves through a Si-based one dimensional photonic crystal has been investigated. The proposed structure works as an omni-directional reflector for a certain range of wavelength for an angle of incidence up to 55?. The structure works as a narrow band TM-polarization filter for an angle of incidence more than 55?, i.e. a filter which completely blocks TE-polarized waves but allows certain wavelengths of TM-polarized waves. But at an angle of incidence of 89?, the structure works as a multiple narrow band TM-polarization filter even though no defect layer is introduced inside the structure. It is also found that this multiple narrow pass-bands of TM-polarized waves can be tuned to a desired range of wavelength by changing the temperature of the structure.

Bio-efficacy of fly-ash based Trichoderma formulations against damping-off and root-rot diseases in tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum)

Abstract: Soil borne fungal diseases viz. damping off and root rot cause serious economic losses to vegetable crops in India including in tomato. The control of these soil-borne diseases is a problem due to prolonged saprophytic survival ability of respective pathogens. Trichoderma spp. are saprophytic fungi widely distributed in soil and have been reported to have antagonistic properties against several soil-borne fungal pathogens. Presently most of the formulations of Trichoderma in India are talc based. Fly-ash which is being generated in large quantity in thermal power stations and generally recognized as waste and an environmental hazard has been reported to promote crop growth and improve soil structure in various trials conducted under National Fly-ash Mission Programs (1). In view of above two commonly occurring species of Trichoderma viz. T. viride and T. harzianum were formulated in fly-ash and evaluated for their bio-efficacy in management of damping off and root-rot diseases in tomato singly and in combination through seed treatment. The results of these studies are included in this paper. The soil from healthy tomato rhizosphere was plated on Trichoderma selective medium (TSM) using soil dilution methodology (2). Two types of Trichoderma colonies were identified as T. viride and T. harzianum. Both species were multiplied on pre-soaked and autoclaved sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) grains, and formulated respectively in sterilized flyash (300 mesh) obtained from Unchahar Thermal Power Station in 1:2 (W/W) ratio of culture and powder so as to give cfu count of 1 X 10 8 as per CIB guidelines. Surface sterilized tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L) seeds were bio-primed with respective T. viride and T. harzianum formulations @ 4 g per kg seed singly and in combination (1:1) and sown in 15" diameter pot in green house, maintaining 5 replicates of each treatment, with one set of untreated control (3).

Structural and electrical studies of Cd 1−x Zn x Te thin film by vacuum evaporation technique

Abstract: Cd1−xZnxTe (where x = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08) thin film have been deposited on glass substrate at room temperature by thermal evaporation technique in a vacuum at 2 × 10−5 torr. The structural analysis of the films has been investigated using X-ray diffraction technique. The scanning electron microscopy has been employed to know the morphology behaviour of the thin films. The temperature dependence of DC electrical conductivity has been studied. In low temperature range the thermal activation energy corresponding to the grain boundary—limited conduction are found to be in the range of 38–48 μeV, but in the high temperature range the activation energy varies between 86 and 1.01 meV. The built in voltage, the width of the depletion region and the operating conduction mechanism have been determined from dark current voltage (I–V) and capacitor-voltage (C–V) characteristics of Cd1−xZnxTe thin films.

Study of different sources for enrichment of compost through NADEP.

Abstract: An attempt was made to explore the possibilities for use of Azotobactor, Trichoderma, Mushroom waste material, compost inoculant and crop waste materials (Normal NADEP) as a decompose manure so as to minimize the use of chemical fertilizers in crop production. The experiment was conducted at the Horticultural Research Centre of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology Meerut (U.P.) during the Year 2009–10 to evaluate the economics, viability and feasibility of NADEP Compost. The experiment consisted of five different treatments viz. N1 (Azatobactor), N2 (Trichoderma), N3 (Mushroom waste material), N4 (compost inoculant) and N5 (Normal NADEP-Control). The economics of NADEP compost was calculated on the basis of cost of production and labours used. The result obtained from the experiment indicated that the treatment N4 contained highest level of P and K with 1.88% N. The cost of NPK were also worked out as Rs.1.48 Rs.l Kg. in same treatment.

Effect of organic matter and phosphorus on content of nutrient and heavy metals in oat plants and soil irrigated with industrial effluent

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at Bichpuri (Agra) to study the effect of organic matter and phosphorus on the chemical composition of oat plants and soils irrigated with industrial effluent. The results indicated that the major nutrients (N, P, K) and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb) contents in oat plants increased significantly with industrial effluent irrigation over canal water. Application of organic matter and phosphorus levels tended to decrease the heavy metal contents in plants while they increased the amounts of N, P, K in plant over controls. Irrigation with industrial effluent as such increased significantly the amounts of available N, P, K and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb) over canal water irrigated soils. Organic matter and phosphorus application increased the availability of N, P, K in soil over no organic matter and no phosphorus respectively. Application of organic matter reduced the availability of heavy metals in soil over no organic matter. Similarly, phosphorus levels also reduced the availability of heavy metals and minimum amounts of Cd (0.011), Cr (0.11) and Pb (0.76) were noted with 200 kg P2O5 ha -1 . Addition of organic matter proved more effective in reducing

Structural and Infrared Spectroscopy Study of Chemically Synthesized Sn1-xCoxO2 (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.05) Nanoparticles

Abstract: In this work, an effective and economic way of transition metal doping in tin oxide nanoparticles is presented. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements confirmed that the SnO2 nanoparticles are of single phase with rutile structure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs show that nanoparticles exhibit spherical shape with size of ~4 nm. To check the incorporation of cobalt and its chemical bonding with oxygen, systematic FTIR measurements were performed. The stretching-vibration mode (A2u) of Sn-O and deformation-vibration mode (Eu) of O-Sn-O were found to be broadened and shifted towards the higher wave numbers in case of cobalt doped samples. The Co-O/O-Co-O modes of the stable phase of cobalt oxide (Co2O3) were not detected in any doped samples. The results indicate that cobalt is present in the tin oxide lattice and do not form any metallic clusters or its oxide phases.