A mobile terminal and a control method thereof, which can obtain an image, are provided. A mobile terminal (100) includes a camera unit (121), a pictogram extraction unit (182) and a controller (180). The camera unit (121) obtains image information corresponding to at least one of a still image and a moving image. The pictogram extraction unit (182) extracts at least one pictogram from the obtained image information. The controller (180) detects information related to the extracted pictogram, and displays the detected information to be overlapped with the obtained image information. In the mobile terminal, the controller (180) includes, as the detected information, at least one of previously recorded information and currently searched information related to the extracted pictogram.

Mobile terminal and control method thereof

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation technology that has been widely adopted in many new and emerging broadband wireless and wireline communication systems. Due to its capability to transmit a high-speed data stream using multiple spectral-overlapped lower-speed subcarriers, OFDM technology offers superior advantages of high spectrum efficiency, robustness against inter-carrier and inter-symbol interference, adaptability to server channel conditions, etc. In recent years, there have been intensive studies on optical OFDM (O-OFDM) transmission technologies, and it is considered a promising technology for future ultra-high-speed optical transmission. Based on O-OFDM technology, a novel elastic optical network architecture with immense flexibility and scalability in spectrum allocation and data rate accommodation could be built to support diverse services and the rapid growth of Internet traffic in the future. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on OFDM-based elastic optical network technologies, including basic principles of OFDM, O-OFDM technologies, the architectures of OFDM-based elastic core optical networks, and related key enabling technologies. The main advantages and issues of OFDM-based elastic core optical networks that are under research are also discussed.

/pdf/a-survey-on-ofdm-based-elastic-core-optical-networking-1oe9lv9f7w.pdf

A Survey on OFDM-Based Elastic Core Optical Networking

As 100-Gb/s coherent systems based on polarization- division multiplexed quadrature phase shift keying (PDM-QPSK), with aggregate wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) capacities close to 10 Tb/s, are getting widely deployed, the use of high-spectral-efficiency quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) to increase both per-channel interface rates and aggregate WDM capacities is the next evolutionary step. In this paper we review high-spectral-efficiency optical modulation formats for use in digital coherent systems. We look at fundamental as well as at technological scaling trends and highlight important trade-offs pertaining to the design and performance of coherent higher-order QAM transponders.

High-Spectral-Efficiency Optical Modulation Formats

The emerging software defined networking (SDN) paradigm separates the data plane from the control plane and centralizes network control in an SDN controller. Applications interact with controllers to implement network services, such as network transport with quality of service. SDN facilitates the virtualization of network functions so that multiple virtual networks can operate over a given installed physical network infrastructure. Due to the specific characteristics of optical (photonic) communication components and the high optical transmission capacities, SDN-based optical networking poses particular challenges, but holds also great potential. In this article, we comprehensively survey studies that examine the SDN paradigm in optical networks; in brief, we survey the area of software defined optical networks (SDONs). We mainly organize the SDON studies into studies focused on the infrastructure layer, the control layer, and the application layer. Moreover, we cover SDON studies focused on network virtualization, as well as SDON studies focused on the orchestration of multilayer and multidomain networking. Based on the survey, we identify open challenges for SDONs and outline future directions.

Software Defined Optical Networks (SDONs): A Comprehensive Survey

Growing concerns regarding the scalability of current optical networks as well as IP-based networks are driving two important trends. One trend is a shift from the current rigid optical networks to spectrally efficient elastic optical networks with a flexible bandwidth and adaptive channel spacing. The other trend is IP traffic offloading to a lower layer yielding benefits that are potentially cost-effective and power-efficient. This article presents a novel multiflow optical transponder (OTP) that enables more efficient IP optical networking. A multiflow OTP allows client data flows that arrive from a single client interface to be mapped to multiple optical flows. In cooperation with the emerging spectrally efficient elastic optical path networking technology, multiflow OTPs can provide multiple optical connections from a single OTP to multiple OTPs. IP traffic offloading to an elastic optical path layer architecture and the effect of introducing multiflow OTPs (i.e., the potential reduction in the number of router interfaces and considerable potential for cost savings) are discussed. These benefits are brought about by increasing the number of directly connected router pairs while keeping router-to-optical-node interconnections simple. A novel optical virtual private line service based on multiflow OTPs that supports multiple optical connections from a single customer site to multiple customer sites with capacity adjustment is also discussed.

Multiflow optical transponder for efficient multilayer optical networking

Flexibility to support mesh topologies, dynamic capacity allocation, and automated network control and light path setup are key elements in the design of next-generation optical transport networks. To realize these capabilities, reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers with dynamic add/drop structures, embedded control planes, and lightpath characterization are required. This article presents the architectures and various ROADM implementations including colorless, directionless, and contentionless add/drop structures. The effect of scaling bit rates beyond 100 Gb/s on ROADM architectures is reviewed including providing variable channel bandwidth depending on bit rate. Automated provisioning and restoration using the GMPLS control plane and optical measurement approaches for lightpaths are also discussed.

Flexible architectures for optical transport nodes and networks

SDN and virtualization promise to simplify transport network control, while adding management flexibility and allowing the rapid development of new services by enabling programmatic control of transport networks and equipment. A consensus transport SDN (T-SDN) architecture using standards- based system inter-component interfaces further enables flexible composition of functionally unified systems from among vendor-diverse software and hardware components. In this article we discuss the high-level reference T-SDN architecture emerging from early experience, standards, and related industry activities, with attention paid to critical standards-based system interface methodologies. We examine key T-SDN use cases including service bandwidth on demand, virtual transport network services, and multi-layer control convergence and resource optimization.

Emerging transport SDN architecture and use cases

Optical transport networks are transitioning to an intelligent next-generation optical transport network (NG-OTN) to improve operational efficiency, deploy more cost-effective optical transport, and enable dynamic bandwidth services.

Next Generation Optical Network - Enabling Dynamic Bandwidth Services

SDN architecture based on separation of control and data functions enables realization of programmability and application aware networking. High level reference architecture components are discussed and potential challenges are outlined for implementation.

SDN transport architecture and challenges

Service providers are experiencing growing demand for access bandwidth as standard definition broadcasting continues to evolve to high definition, more people are on line at any given time, and Internet becomes the preferred delivery mechanism for entertainment and full multimedia experience. Network architecture and technologies that provide long term solutions to this growing bandwidth needs are discussed.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/4712538/4729060/04729109.pdf

Vishnu Shukla

Papers

Flexible architectures for optical transport nodes and networks

Emerging transport SDN architecture and use cases

Next Generation Optical Network - Enabling Dynamic Bandwidth Services

SDN transport architecture and challenges

Fiber to the home: A carrier perspective