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Systematic data collection: I.

Medicinal plants with bioprospecting potential used in semi-arid northeastern Brazil.

In this chapter the reader will have the opportunity of a brief explanation of the terms most commonly used by ethnobiologist and ethnoecologist as well as access to information about procedures for contact with the informant, theoretical and practical to check the validity and reliability of information obtained, and which the main measures to be adopted in resolving the problem of sampling.

Methods and Techniques in Ethnobiology and Ethnoecology

Besides its extreme climate conditions, the Caatinga (a type of tropical seasonal forest) hosts an impressive faunal and floristic biodiversity. In the last 50 years there has been a considerable increase in the number of studies in the area. Here we aimed to present a review of these studies, focusing on four main fields: vertebrate ecology, plant ecology, human ecology, and ethnobiology. Furthermore, we identify directions for future research. We hope that the present paper will help defining actions and strategies for the conservation of the biological diversity of the Caatinga.

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Caatinga revisited: ecology and conservation of an important seasonal dry forest.

Caatinga (dryland) plants used as fuel by rural communities were examined to verify the criteria that determined the preference and use of each species, as well as the techniques and patterns involved in their harvesting. Fieldwork was carried out utilizing various methodologies for collecting and analyzing data, including semi-structured interviews, guided-tours, and direct observation. Differences in knowledge concerning the use of fuelwood species were examined in terms of informant sex and age, and local availability of these resources. A total of 67 plants were cited as energy sources, of which only 27 were actually used as domestic fuel, and 10 for charcoal production. The species most well known were the most collected, independent of their availability, in spite of the fact that other highly preferred species were more available. As only a small group of plants were heavily used, it will be important to quantify the harvesting of these resources in the region in order to estimate the impact of this use on the local vegetation.

Use and knowledge of fuelwood in an area of Caatinga vegetation in NE Brazil.

A Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Arraial do Cabo (RESEX) localiza-se no municipio de Arraial do Cabo, regiao de Cabo Frio. E uma unidade de conservacao de interesse ecologico-social e visa proteger o sustento dos pescadores artesanais, a flora e a fauna locais. O clima da regiao e tropical seco e a vegetacao e de restinga. Este estudo objetivou inventariar as especies vegetais usadas na faixa terrestre da RESEX, associando este conhecimento as tradicoes locais. As informacoes etnobotânicas foram obtidas atraves de observacao participante e entrevistas estruturadas com pescadores artesanais. Das 444 citacoes de uso, catalogou-se 68 especies, 61 generos e 42 familias. As categorias de uso foram: alimentar (45,6%), medicinal (39,7%), tecnologica (29,4%), lenha (10,2%), construcao (8,8%) e ornamental (2,9%). Utilizou-se o Indice de Shannon para analise da diversidade de especies resultando: 1,78 (base 10) e 4,10 (base e), denotando que os pescadores possuem bom conhecimento da biodiversidade local, quando comparado a outros estudos da costa brasileira. Os dados obtidos nesta pesquisa possibilitarao a formulacao de estrategias de uso sustentavel dos recursos naturais, considerando a percepcao ambiental da populacao, baseado nos sistemas cognitivos desenvolvidos ao longo do convivio do homem com a natureza.

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Etnobotânica na Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brasil

A Etnobotânica moderna e produto de mudancas historicas ocorridas dentro e fora da academia. O trabalho buscou tracar a trajetoria dessa disciplina e suas tendencias no Brasil. Para tal foi realizado um levantamento dos trabalhos, no periodo de 1968-2007, desenvolvidos por pesquisadores brasileiros no pais e publicados nas revistas cientificas de circulacao nacional, internacional e em eventos nacionais. O artigo discute sobre o desenvolvimento da Etnobotânica e sobre a crescente valorizacao do conhecimento construido por populacoes nao-industrializadas. Neste contexto destaca-se a influencia das mudancas de interesses cientificos e economicos ao longo dos periodos avaliados e, especialmente, da implementacao da Convencao sobre Diversidade Biologica. O desenvolvimento da Etnobotânica teve um impacto sobre a producao cientifica brasileira e refletiu em um notorio incremento de trabalhos nesta area do conhecimento, porem ainda com predominância de estudos relacionados a plantas medicinais e/ou abordagens descritivas. Por fim, sao tecidas algumas consideracoes sobre a atual situacao da Etnobotânica no Brasil face as regulamentacoes legais determinadas pela Convencao sobre Diversidade Biologica.

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Avanços nas pesquisas etnobotânicas no Brasil

Rio de Janeiro Municipality has 210 licensed street fairs of which 33 are located in the northern and southern zones. This study aims to identify the medicinal and ritual plants sold at the street fairs in Rio de Janeiro, verify therapeutic use, dosage and origin, and show the importance of the herb sellers´s empirical knowledge and life histories. In 60 private interviews with 54 herb sellers, 106 species (92 genera; 49 families) were recorded: 61 for medicinal purposes, 19 for religious application and 19 for medicinal-religious purposes. Some species had multiple uses: two for religious-dietary purposes and four for medicinal-dietary use. The most representative families are Asteraceae (18 species) and Lamiaceae (11 species). As regards origin, 14 % of the herb sellers reported that the species sold were home-grown, 20% extracted them from the forest and 66% purchased them from the large municipal open markets. This data will improve our knowledge of the medicinal and ritualistic species sold in street markets of Rio de Janeiro.

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Plantas medicinais e ritualísticas vendidas em feiras livres no Município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil: estudo de caso nas zonas Norte e Sul

The main goal of this paper was the study of the useful plants sold in the open-air fairs of Petropolis and Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data collection was obtained through participant observation, semi structured interviews and free listing with four herbalist informants. From the interviews, 115 species (belonging to 49 families) were recorded: 94 for medicinal purposes, 12 with religious application, and 9 for ornamental purposes. Thirty percent of the species were native, and 72% herbaceous. The most representative families were Asteraceae (26 species) and Lamiaceae (10 species). The medicinal species related to diseases of the respiratory system were more common during the winter and autumn. "Espinheira-santa" (Clarisia cf. ilicifolia) had the highest Relative Importance (1.8) and collocation in all seasons using the Preference Ranking, although its effectiveness or toxicity levels have not been established. The importance of the study is to gather knowledge from local herbalists about commercialized species in open-air fairs and popular markets in the Rio de Janeiro State, which represent valuable resources for bioprospection.

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Urban ethnobotany in Petrópolis and Nova Friburgo (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

Medicinal plants have been used for many years and are the source of new active substances and new drugs of pharmaceutical interest. The popular knowledge contained in the open- air markets is studied through urban ethnobotany, and is a good source of information for ethnobotanical research. In this context, we surveyed the literature on works concerning open-air markets in the State of Rio de Janeiro to gather knowledge of the commercialized plants therein. A literature search resulted in ten studies with 376 listed species, distributed in 94 families and 273 genera. Asteraceae family had the greater representation, followed by Lamiaceae and Fabaceae. Solanum was the most frequent genus. Two hundred and twenty four species could be considered potentially toxic or potentially interact with other drugs/medicines. Eighteen species are referred as “not for use during pregnancy”, and 3 “not for use while nursing”. These results are a source of concern since in Brazil, as it is worldwide, there is the notion that plants can never be harmful. The results for the Sorensen Coefficient showed greater similarity between works performed in very close study areas. Other studies presented low similarity, mainly because of the difficulty in plant identification or a very specific focus in methodology.

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Medicinal plants traded in the open-air markets in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: an overview on their botanical diversity and toxicological potential

Viviane Stern da Fonseca-Kruel

Papers

Etnobotânica na Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brasil

Avanços nas pesquisas etnobotânicas no Brasil

Plantas medicinais e ritualísticas vendidas em feiras livres no Município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil: estudo de caso nas zonas Norte e Sul

Urban ethnobotany in Petrópolis and Nova Friburgo (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

Medicinal plants traded in the open-air markets in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: an overview on their botanical diversity and toxicological potential