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Biomechanics And Motor Control Of Human Movement

Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry. Part 1: theoretical background.

The "hypofrontality hypothesis" has been supported by many neuroimaging studies, but not all, perhaps because of heterogeneity of samples. The present study examined three different samples that permitted assessment of a variety of confounders, such as effects of long-term treatment, chronicity of illness, and presenting phenomenology: (1) 13 neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients, (2) 23 nonnaive schizophrenic patients who had been relatively chronically ill but were medication free for at least 3 weeks, and (3) 15 healthy normal volunteers. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured using single-photon emission computed tomography with xenon 133 as the tracer. The control condition consisted of looking at undulating colored shapes on a video monitor, while the experimental task was the Tower of London. We observed the Tower of London to be a relatively specific stimulant of the left mesial frontal cortex (probably including parts of the cingulate gyrus) in healthy normal volunteers. Both the neuroleptic-naive and the nonnaive patients lacked this area of activation, as well as a related one in the right parietal cortex (representing the circuitry specifically activated by the Tower of London). Decreased activation occurred only in the patients with high scores for negative symptoms. These results suggest that hypofrontality is related to negative symptoms and is not a long-term effect of neuroleptic treatment or of chronicity of illness.

Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naive patients and in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Assessment with xenon 133 single-photon emission computed tomography and the Tower of London.

Background: Limb muscle dysfunction is prevalent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and it has important clinical implications, such as reduced exercise tolerance, quality of life, and even survival. Since the previous American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) statement on limb muscle dysfunction, important progress has been made on the characterization of this problem and on our understanding of its pathophysiology and clinical implications.Purpose: The purpose of this document is to update the 1999 ATS/ERS statement on limb muscle dysfunction in COPD.Methods: An interdisciplinary committee of experts from the ATS and ERS Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Clinical Problems assemblies determined that the scope of this document should be limited to limb muscles. Committee members conducted focused reviews of the literature on several topics. A librarian also performed a literature search. An ATS methodologist provided advice to the committee, ensuring that the methodological ...

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An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: update on limb muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Surface EMG based muscle fatigue evaluation in biomechanics

The importance of measurements to properly assess human locomotion is increasingly recognized. Already well established as an experimental scientific research tool, human locomotion measurements are frequently a routine clinical application. Fields of application encompass both healthy and pathological locomotion encountered in rehabilitation medicine, orthopedics, kinesiology, sports science, and other related fields. This volume provides comprehensive description of instrument systems for measurement of kinematics of human movement, kinetic quantities experienced by the human body in contact with the ground, and myoelectric changes associated with locomotor activity. Physical principles governing the operation of several measurement devices and relevant mathematics and engineering are presented, as well as signal processing issues that must be addressed in order to obtain and use quantitative measurement variables in the biomechanical context. Measurement data acquisiton, processing, and presentation to the user in a computer-based laboratory environment are explained. The ultimate goal is to contribute to the diagnostics and treatment of specific locomotion patterns. References to major historical landmarks in the development of measurement methodology are provided as well. Selected experimental data are shown and interpreted to illustrate the methods, some originating from the author's own research. Consequently, the reader will gain insight into the working principles, typical uses, and comparative advantages of a number of instruments, such as simple electrogoniometers, sophisticated stereometric instruments to capture human body kinematics, imbedded force plates, distributed pressure measurement systems, wire and telemetry electromyographs, etc. Systems oriented and interdisciplinary in character, this volume addresses biomedical engineers, active in industry or the clinical environment, physicians, kinesiologists, physical therapists, and students and researchers of human movement in clinics and academia. By focusing on locomotion measurements, the volume attempts to complement classical biomechanics, neurophysiology, and motor control-oriented texts.

Measurement of Human Locomotion

Cerebral blood flow was measured in relative terms with Tc99m-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxim (HMPAO) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in 28 female schizophrenic patients (20 acute and 8 chronic) classified according to DSM-III. Eleven normals served as controls. The acute patients were classified according to positive and negative symptoms. Patients with predominantly positive symptoms showed by and large normal and homogeneous cerebral isotope uptake. Those with negative symptoms, and the chronic patients, showed inhomogeneous tracer uptake with multiple regions of hypoperfusion in slices 4-6 cm above the orbitomeatal line. The findings support in principle the notion that schizophrenia with negative or chronic symptoms does not affect the whole brain homogeneously. Brain imaging with Tc99m-HMPAO and SPECT might be used to distinguish various types of schizophrenia.

Cerebral perfusion inhomogeneities in schizophrenia demonstrated with single photon emission computed tomography and Tc99m‐hexamethylpropyleneamineoxim

Association study of MDR1 and 5-HT2C genetic polymorphisms and antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances in female patients with schizophrenia

Vladimir Medved

Papers

Surface EMG based muscle fatigue evaluation in biomechanics

Measurement of Human Locomotion

Cerebral perfusion inhomogeneities in schizophrenia demonstrated with single photon emission computed tomography and Tc99m‐hexamethylpropyleneamineoxim

Association study of MDR1 and 5-HT2C genetic polymorphisms and antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances in female patients with schizophrenia.

Measurement and analysis of surface myoelectric signals during fatigued cyclic dynamic contractions