Test program was carried out on a single cylinder, fuel research engine (CFR) to determine the octane, emissions, and fuel economy characteristics of methanol-gasoline blends. The first phase of the work was an evaluation of the octane characteristics of methanol blended with unleaded gasoline. The second phase of the test program was an evaluation of the emissions and fuel economy of a 10% by volume blend of methanol with two base fuels in the single cylinder engine. Genral conclusions were that a blend of 10% methanol and gasoline demonstrated no significant change in the emissions or energy efficiency over the gasoline fueled engine when operated at equivalent conditions. Under some operating conditions, the addition of methanol could increase the octane rating of the base fuel. /GMRL/

Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine Study of the Octane, Emissions, and Fuel Economy Characteristics of Methanol-Gasoline Blends

An experimental program was conducted to determine the effect of burning used lubricating oil mixed with fuel oil in a single cylinder Diesel engine. The used lubricating oil-fuel oil ratios used in this study were 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 15% used lubricating oil by volume. The effect of burning these blends on unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen is reported along with a comparison to baseline values for pure Diesel fuel. The general condition of wear in the engine along with deposit formation and anaysis is reported. The effect of the used lubricating oil on thermal efficiency and BSFC is shown. /GMRL/

Combustion Characteristics of Diesel Fuel Blends Containing Used Lubricating Oil

A light-duty automotive Diesel engine was fumigated with methanol in amounts up to 35% and 50% of the total fuel energy respectively in order to determine the effect of alcohol fumigation on engine performance at various operating conditons Engine fuel efficiency, emissions, smoke, and the occurrence of severe knock were the parameters used to evaluate performance Raw exhaust particulate and its soluble organic extract were screened for biological activity using the Ames Salmonella typhimurium assay Results are given for a test matrix made up of twelve steady-state operating conditions For all conditions except the 1/4 rack (light load) condition, modest thermal efficiency gains were noted upon ethanol fumigation Methanol showed the same increase at 3/4 and full rack (high load) conditions However, engine roughness or the occurrence of severe knock limited the maximum amount of alcohol that could be fumigated Brake specific nitrogen oxide concentrations were found to decrease for all ethanol conditions tested Oxides of nitrogen emissions, on a volume basis, decreased for all alcohol conditions tested Based on the limited particulate data analyzed, it appears that ethanol fumigation, like methanol fumigation, while lowering the mass of particulated emitted, does enhance the biological activity of that particulate

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Fumigation of Alcohol in a Light Duty Automotive Diesel Engine

A single cylinder DI Diesel engine was fumigated with ethanol and methanol in amounts up to 55% of the total fuel energy. The effects of aqueous alcohol fumigation on engine thermal efficiency, combustion intensity and gaseous exhaust emissions were determined. Assessment of changes in the biological activity of raw particulate and its soluble organic fraction were also made using the Salmonella typhimurium test. Alcohol fumigation improved thermal efficiency slightly at moderate and heavy loads, but increased ignition delay at all operating conditions. Carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emission generally increased with alcohol fumigation and showed no dependence on alcohol type or quality. Oxide of nitrogen emission showed a strong dependence on alcohol quality; relative emission levels decreased with increasing water content of the fumigant. Particulate mass loading rates were lower for ethanol fueled conditions. However, the biological activity of both the raw particulate and its soluble organic fraction was enhanced by ethanol fumigation at most operating conditions.

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Performance and emissions characteristics of aqueous alcohol fumes in a DI diesel engine

A methanol fueled, lean burn system has been developed to improve both specific fuel consumption and NOx emissions. A 1.6L four-cylinder engine with increased compression ratio has been used to develop this system. Three major components of the Toyota Lean Combustion System (T-LCS) has been applied: (1) A helical port with a swirl control valve (2) A lean mixture sensor (3) Timed, multi-point fuel injection. A 2250 lb. Inertia Weight test vehicle has been fitted with this engine, and fuel system materials have been modified. This methanol, lean burn system has improved the fuel economy by about 12%, still satisfying the 1986 emission standards of the U.S.A. and Japan. Aldehyde emissions have also been evaluated.

Development of Methanol Lean Burn System

Blends of up to 40% by volume methanol in a methanol-gasoline fuel blend were supplied to a single cylinder engine operating under controlled conditions The following effects are reported as the methanol concentration increases The lean misfire limit is extended 004 equivalence ratio, phi, by using a blend containing 40% methanol compared to the base fuel It is also noted that the lean misfire limit does not vary until a blend containing greater than 20% methanol was used Torque and thermal efficiency increase significantly Percent by volume concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen do not change, although oxides of nitrogen reported as mass per power output per hour decrease

W. E. Meyer

Papers

Lean Combustion of Methanol-Gasoline Blends in a Single Cylinder SI Engine