Carburization and oxidation

Microstructure of HK40 alloy after high temperature service in oxidizing/carburizing environment: I. Oxidation phenomena and propagation of a crack

Stability of MnCr2O4 spinel and Cr2O3 in high temperature carbonaceous environments with varied oxygen partial pressures

Synthesis and characterisation of chromium carbides

The thermodynamic equilibrium between metallic iron, iron oxides, iron carbides and an hydrocarbon/hydrogen mixture was calculated at 600 °C. On the basis of the metastable Fe-C-O phase diagram, both metallic iron and iron oxides can be directly convertcd into carbides in reducing and carburizing atmosphere. Thermogravimetric (ATG) measurements have been performed in iC 4 H 10 -H 2 -Ar atmosphere at 600 °C on reduced and pre-oxidised iron samples. The kinetic of coke formation was studied on both surface states by sequential exposure experiments. The initial stages of the transformation were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. On a reduced surface, the results are consistent with the mechanism currently proposed to explain catalytic coke formation. Cementite (Fe 3 C) is formed on the iron surface after carbon supersaturation (a c > 1). The graphite deposition on its surface (a c = 1) induces its decomposition. Iron atoms from cementite diffuse through the graphite and agglomerate to small particles that act as catalysts for further carbon deposition. A new mechanism of catalytic particle formation is proposed when an oxide scale initially covers the iron surface. In the carburizing and reducing atmosphere, magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) can be directly converted into cementite (Fe 3 C). XPS analysis confirm that, in this process, metallic iron is not an intermediary specie of the oxide/carbide reaction. At the same time, graphite deposition occurs at the metal/oxide interface through the cracks present in the oxide scale. Iron carbide in contact with graphite is partially decomposed and acts as catalyst for graphitic filaments growth.

Filamentous carbon formation caused by catalytic metal particles from iron oxide

The thermodynamic equilibria between chromium oxide, chromium carbide, and a CO-CO2 mixture was calculated for various conditions. Experimental results on the rate of the Cr2O3 conversion to chromium carbide in CO-CO2 mixtures at 1200°C are reported. The conversion rate was low and was strongly dependent on the carbon activity.

W. F. Chu

Papers

The conversion of chromium oxide to chromium carbide