We analyze the effects of alliances and preferential trading arrangements on bilateral trade flows. Both factors are likely to promote trade among members, but we argue that the interaction between them is central to explaining patterns of commerce. The combination of an alliance, which creates political incentives for participants to engage in trade, and a commercial institution, which liberalizes trade among members, is expected to provide a considerable impetus to commerce among parties to both. The results of our quantitative analyses support these arguments. Both alliances and preferential trading arrangements strongly affected trade from 1960 to 1990, and allies that included a major power conducted considerably more trade than their nonmajor-power counterparts. Moreover, the interaction between alliances and preferential trading arrangements is fundamental to explaining patterns of bilateral commerce: Parties to a common preferential trading arrangement and a common alliance engage in markedly greater trade than do members of either type of institution but not both…

Alliances, Preferential Trading Arrangements, and lnternational Trade

Questionnaire Q1. Do you think that it is more likely that someday China's economy will grow to be as large as the US economy or that the US economy will always stay larger than China's? China's economy will grow as large as the US economy The US economy will always stay larger than China's Not sure/ Decline (%) (%) Q2. If China's economy were to grow to be as large as the US economy, do you think that would be mostly positive, mostly negative, or equally positive and negative?

The rise of China

Le processus de liberalisation initie en Inde a partir des annees 1980 s’est accompagne d’une multitudede changements economiques, politiques et sociaux qui ont participe a modifier l’organisation et lastructure de l’emploi. Ces changements structurels ont par ailleurs redessine les pratiques migratoiresau gre des besoins de main-d’oeuvre. L’objet de ces travaux de recherche est d’etudier comment lastructuration des marches du travail en Inde a participe a modifier les flux de migrations internes, maisegalement de s’interesser a l’evolution de ces pratiques migratoires. Pour cela, nous proposons uneapproche multi-scalaire des liens entre marches de l’emploi et mouvements migratoires, meneeconjointement a des niveaux micro et macro. Ainsi, apres avoir effectue une revue de litterature destheories migratoires, nous traitons dans une premiere partie les liens entre marche du travail etmigration de travail au niveau macro-economique. Pour cela, nous avons identifie pour les differentesregions de l’Inde une typologie des marches du travail a partir de laquelle les flux de migrations ontete spatialises. Dans une seconde partie, le niveau micro a ete privilegie et les resultats presentess’appuient sur un travail de terrain mene entre 2010 et 2014 dans le Sud de l’Inde (Tamil Nadu). Ils’agit, a partir d’une approche mixte combinant des methodes quantitatives et qualitatives, d’etudier lacirculation du travail en milieu rural tamoul. Cette demarche nous a permis d’identifier une variete deformes de migrations de travail aux logiques singulieres ; nous parlons alors de diversification depratiques migratoires.

Modernisation, marchés du travail et circulation en Inde : Une approche mixte et multi-scalaire des migrations de travail

THE ABSENT EMPIRE: THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOUTH AMERICAN REGIONAL SUBSYSTEM Carlos Gustavo Poggio Teixeira Old Dominion University, 2011 Director: Dr. Francis Adams The United States often acted in Latin America as an empire. Nevertheless, there has been an obvious dissimilarity between US actions in South America and US actions in the rest of Latin America, which is illustrated by the fact that the United States never sent troops to invade a South American country. While geographic distance and strategic considerations may have played a role, they provide at best incomplete explanations for US relative absence south of Panama. The fact that the United States has had a distinct pattern of interactions with South America is thus not captured by the typical concept of Latin America. By recuperating the virtually neglected literature on regional subsystems, this dissertation maintains that researchers of inter-American relations would greatly benefit from a characterization that reflected more regional realities than entrenched preconceptions. Such a characterization would mean subdividing the Western Hemisphere in two regional subsystems: North and South America. This subdivision allows for uncovering regional dynamics that can help explain US relative absence from South America when contrasted to the remainder of Latin America. This dissertation argues that the role of Brazil as a status quo regional power in South America is the key to understanding this phenomenon. Through a historical analysis focusing on specific cases spanning three centuries, this research demonstrates that Brazil has deliberately affected the calculations of costs and benefits of a more significant US involvement in South America. While in the past Brazil has taken actions that resulted in increasing the benefits of US limited involvement in South American affairs, in more recent times it has sought to increase the costs of a more significant US presence. The concluding session considers some of the theoretical and political implications of the framework laid out by

The absent empire: The United States and the South American regional subsystem

La presente tesis lleva por titulo el siguiente: “La red de alta velocidad espanola: estructuracion, expansion e impactos derivados”. Es un trabajo donde el nucleo fundamental es el tren de alta velocidad, a partir del cual se desbrozan diferentes bloques relacionados entre si. Los intereses para su realizacion son multiples. A nivel personal supone un esfuerzo gratificante dada la atraccion que me ha producido desde hace tiempo la tematica del transporte. Dentro de este, todo lo relacionado con la alta velocidad ferroviaria me ha llamado especialmente la atencion: diseno y desarrollo de lineas y, mas adelante, redes, innovaciones asociadas, opiniones generadas, efectos de toda indole que puede producir, etc. El interes personal se complementa con la formacion geografica recibida en la etapa academica y sobre todo la adquirida con la propia investigacion. A partir de esta en la tesis se consideran y analizan diferentes planteamientos de la alta velocidad, fundamentalmente espanola, integrados de forma mas o menos directa en uno o varios de los conceptos incluidos en el titulo de este documento: estructuracion, expansion e impactos que se deriven. En concreto, el objetivo fundamental es plasmar la investigacion de las hipotesis que se plantean, estableciendo conclusiones en base a los resultados obtenidos y buscando un hilo conductor entre las hipotesis, los objetivos y las conclusiones. Ademas de ello hay que destacar los siguientes objetivos: sistematizar conocimientos transversales sobre la alta velocidad, adquiridos a partir de la compilacion, analisis y valoracion de documentacion con gran variedad de enfoques, realizar cartografia tematica como formula de expresion grafica y geografica del proceso de investigacion y como apoyo para enlazar hipotesis, investigacion y conclusiones, empleo del analisis topologico y de la Teoria de Grafos para representar y analizar la estructuracion y expansion de la red espanola de alta velocidad, y la utilizacion de modelos de gravitacion para determinar la demanda potencial de viajeros en dicha red, su comparacion con el trafico real y el previsible a futuro. La primera linea de alta velocidad del mundo fue puesta en servicio en Japon en 1964, conectando las ciudades de Tokio y Osaka. A partir de ese momento, los proyectos e inauguraciones de nuevas lineas se han ido sucediendo si bien el proceso de expansion se ha acelerado con el cambio de siglo, con un numero de paises con red en servicio o bien en construccion o proyecto cada vez mas numeroso....

La Red Española de Alta Velocidad: estructuración, expansión e impactos derivados

textabstractIn Dutch: Naar een Nieuwe Wereldeconomie: voorstellen voor een internationaal economisch beleid, Rotterdam University Press, Rotterdam, 1965, XV + 335 p.\nIn Spanish: Hacia Una Economia Mundial: sugerencias para una politica economica internacional, Series Biblioteca de Economia No.7, Orbis, Barcelona, 1985, 242 p.

Shaping the World Economy. Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. By Jan Tinbergen. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1962. pp. xvii, 330. Index. 4.00, cloth.

W. Friedmann

Papers

Shaping the World Economy. Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. By Jan Tinbergen. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1962. pp. xvii, 330. Index. 4.00, cloth.