The obesity epidemic is attributed in part to reduced physical activity. Evidence supports that reducing time spent sitting, regardless of activity, may improve the metabolic consequences of obesity. Analyses were conducted in a large prospective study of US adults enrolled by the American Cancer Society to examine leisure time spent sitting and physical activity in relation to mortality. Time spent sitting and physical activity were queried by questionnaire on 53,440 men and 69,776 women who were disease free at enrollment. The authors identified 11,307 deaths in men and 7,923 deaths in women during the 14-year follow-up. After adjustment for smoking, body mass index, and other factors, time spent sitting (≥6 vs. <3 hours/day) was associated with mortality in both women (relative risk = 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25, 1.44) and men (relative risk = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.24). Relative risks for sitting (≥6 hours/day) and physical activity (<24.5 metabolic equivalent (MET)-hours/week) combined were 1.94 (95% CI: 1.70, 2.20) for women and 1.48 (95% CI: 1.33, 1.65) for men, compared with those with the least time sitting and most activity. Associations were strongest for cardiovascular disease mortality. The time spent sitting was independently associated with total mortality, regardless of physical activity level. Public health messages should include both being physically active and reducing time spent sitting.

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Leisure Time Spent Sitting in Relation to Total Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of US Adults

In an aging population with increasing incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment, strategies are needed to slow age-related decline and reduce disease-related cognitive impairment in older adults. Physical exercise that targets modifiable risk factors and neuroprotective mechanisms may reduce declines in cognitive performance attributed to the normal aging process and protect against changes related to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia. In this review we summarize the role of exercise in neuroprotection and cognitive performance, and provide information related to implementation of physical exercise programs for older adults. Evidence from both animal and human studies supports the role of physical exercise in modifying metabolic, structural, and functional dimensions of the brain and preserving cognitive performance in older adults. The results of observational studies support a dose-dependent neuroprotective relationship between physical exercise and cognitive performance in older adults. Although some clinical trials of exercise interventions demonstrate positive effects of exercise on cognitive performance, other trials show minimal to no effect. Although further research is needed, physical exercise interventions aimed at improving brain health through neuroprotective mechanisms show promise for preserving cognitive performance. Exercise programs that are structured, individualized, higher intensity, longer duration, and multicomponent show promise for preserving cognitive performance in older adults.

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Physical exercise and cognitive performance in the elderly: current perspectives

Regular physical activity is one of the most important activities you can do for your health. Because you're afraid of being harmed, moderate-intensity aerobic activities, such as brisk walking, are generally safe for people if you're not sure you're activated or increased your physical activity. This study; why we should do physical activity, risks of inactive behavior, frequency of physical activity, benefits of physical activity and suggestions for physical activity, aims to create more active people. A high level overview of the reviews of published literature. A systematic search of Web of Science, Medline, Pub-Med, and SPORTDiscus, Physical Education Index was employed to find all relevant studies focusing on human participants. Search terms included “Active People ”, “inactivity”, " Prevalence of Physical Activity " and “physical activity”. It has been suggested that regular PA health-related diseases have an effective primary and secondary preventive strategy against at least 25 chronic medical conditions with 20-30% risk reduction. Approximately 75% of adults act according to the recommended PA guidelines, while women, adolescents, and older adults have been found to have lower levels of PA-making than men. It was found that there were consistent relationships between PA and motivation, self-efficacy and self-regulation. The PA interventions show that small changes in the PA show a major impact on young people and adults. In conclusion: In studies related to PA, mechanisms that directly affect health and cause positive results should be determined. The PA dose, scope and validity, which may lead to clinically significant changes in the health status of individuals, should continue to examine innovative behavior modification techniques and also improve the access and duration of PA interventions.

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Why Should We Do Physical Activity? More Active People for a Healthier World

(2009). Effect of Pedometer-Based Physical Activity Interventions. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 648-655.

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Effect of pedometer-based physical activity interventions: a meta-analysis.

Understanding the determinants of changing physical activity among older adults is crucial for effective intervention development. The aim of this study was to review and update the evidence relating to the determinants of physical activity initiation and maintenance among older adults, and to explore the main similarities and dissimilarities in determinants between the two phases. Only longitudinal and experimental studies were used to assess the level of evidence. Fifty-nine longitudinal observational and experimental studies were identified. Recent studies were identified that focused on some recently developed concepts, especially in the field of the post-motivational concepts and several environmental determinants in predicting physical activity initiation and maintenance. Furthermore, dissimilarities were found in determinants between physical activity initiation and maintenance. It can be concluded that determinants are to a large degree phase-specific, which should be taken into account d...

W. Jack

Papers

American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association Physical Activity and Public Health in Older Adults. Recommendation From the