Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Corrosion is a subject of interest to interdisciplinary research communities, combining fields of materials science, chemistry, physics, metallurgy and chemical engineering. In order to understand mechanisms of corrosion and the function of corrosion inhibitors, the reactions at the interfaces between the corrosive electrolyte and a steel surface, particularly at the initial stages of the corrosion process, need to be described. Naturally, these reactions are strongly affected by the nature and properties of the steel surfaces. It is however seen that the majority of recent corrosion and corrosion-inhibition investigations are limited to electrochemical testing, with ex situ analysis of the treated steels (post-exposure analysis). The characterization of materials and their surface properties, such as texture and morphology, are not being considered in most studies. Similarly, in situ investigations of the initial stages of the corrosion reactions using advanced surface characterization techniques are scarce. In this review, attention is brought to the importance of surface features of carbon steels, such as texture and surface energy, along with defects dislocation related to mechanical processing of carbon steels. This work is extended to a critical review of surface analytical techniques used for characterization of carbon steels in corrosive media with particular focus on examining steel surfaces treated with corrosion inhibitors. Further, emerging surface analysis techniques and their applicability to analyse carbon steels in corrosive media are discussed. The importance of surface properties is commonly addressed by surface scientists as well as researchers in other chemistry fields such as nanotechnology, fuel cells, and catalysis. This article is expected to appeal to a broad scientific community, including but not limited to corrosion scientists, material chemists, analytical chemists, metal physicists, corrosion and materials engineers.

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Carbon steel corrosion: a review of key surface properties and characterization methods

SKPFM measured Volta potential correlated with strain localisation in microstructure to understand corrosion susceptibility of cold-rolled grade 2205 duplex stainless steel

Prediction of austenite grain growth during austenitization of low alloy steels

A high power direct diode laser, emitting in the range of near infrared radiation at wavelength 808–940 nm, was applied to produce a titanium matrix composite on a surface layer of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V by laser surface gas nitriding. The nitrided surface layers were produced as single stringer beads at different heat inputs, different scanning speeds, and different powers of laser beam. The influence of laser nitriding parameters on the quality, shape, and morphology of the surface layers was investigated. It was found that the nitrided surface layers consist of titanium nitride precipitations mainly in the form of dendrites embedded in the titanium alloy matrix. The titanium nitrides are produced as a result of the reaction between molten Ti and gaseous nitrogen. Solidification and subsequent growth of the TiN dendrites takes place to a large extent at the interface of the molten Ti and the nitrogen gas atmosphere. The direction of TiN dendrites growth is perpendicular to the surface of molten Ti. The roughness of the surface layers depends strongly on the heat input of laser nitriding and can be precisely controlled. In spite of high microhardness up to 2400 HV0.2, the surface layers are crack free.

Titanium Matrix Composite Ti/TiN Produced by Diode Laser Gas Nitriding

The textures of cold-rolled AISI 304 austenitic steel were the object of the investigations. The austenite steel was deformed by cold-rolling to 20, 40 and 70% reduction. A significant amount of martensite, formed due to the strain induced (γ®a’) transformation, was detected in the deformed structure by applying magnetic and X-ray diffraction methods. Texture analysis was performed on the basis of the orientation distribution functions (ODFs) calculated from the experimental pole figures. The texture measurements of both phases were conducted from the center layers of the cold-rolled strip. In the case of metastable austenite AISI 304 steel the texture development was very complex because three processes were proceded simultaneously during the cold-rolling, namely: plastic deformation of the austenitic g-phase, strain induced phase transformation γ®a’ and deformation of the formed a’-martensite. These processes resulted in the presence of two phases in the structure of the steel with a definite crystallographic relationship and orientation changes of both phases with increasing of the deformation. Thus, the resultant deformation texture of the investigated steels is described by the austenite and martensite texture components. The rolling texture of γ-phase describes mainly orientations from the fiber α = ║ND and the major components of the martensite deformation texture are orientations from the fibers α1= ║RD and γ ={111}║ND.

Analysis of Deformation Texture in AISI 304 Steel Sheets

Interaction of carbonitrides V(C,N) undissolved in austenite on the structure and mechanical properties of microalloyed V-N steels

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine the influence of temperature of plastic deformation on the structure and mechanical properties of copper alloy of the type CuCr1Zr during a tensile test. Design/methodology/approach: The tensile test of the investigated alloy was realized in the temperature range of 20÷700˚C with strain rate of 1.2 • 10–3 s–1. Metallographic observations of the structure were carried out on a light microscope and the fractographic investigation of fracture on an electron scanning microscope. Findings: The mechanical properties of alloy as well as the range of occurrence of the Portevin - Le Chatelier phenomenon was determined on the basis of σ-e curves formed by tensile tests; however the character of fracture during the break of the samples was defined on the basis of fractographic investigations. Practical implications: In result of tensile tests of copper alloy it has been found that the PLC effect occurs in temperature range of 250÷400˚C. However, the ductility minimum temperature of the alloy equals about 550˚C. Originality/value: A correlation of temperature of PLC effect was achieved with a qualitative description of the type of ”teething” on the σ-e curves, compatible with the classification quoted in literature.

The influence of the temperature of tensile test on the structure and plastic properties of copper alloy type CuCr1Zr

Purpose: The aim of the paper is a monographic presentation, based on investigations connected with the elaboration of new kinds of microalloy steels and a technique of heat and thermo-mechanical treatment in the production of a selected group of metallurgical products. Design/methodology/approach: The influence of the chemical composition and metallurgical purity on the homogenisation of austenite was analysed, as well as thermally activated processes and phase transformations in the course of deformation and controlled cooling conditions, concerning micradditives Nb, V, Ti, B and metallurgical products. Findings: The chemical composition of the obtained constructional steels with microadditives was quoted, as well as the technological conditions of forging and rolled products required for industrial purposes. Research limitations/implications: The results of investigations concerning the structure and mechanical properties have been presented, as well as the resistance to fracture, mainly of thick plates and hand-forged and drop-forged products and also elements of sheet structures for the automotive industry, made of AHSS steels. Practical implications: The results of the author’s own investigations concerning microalloy steels indicate the actual possibility of their application in practice in many steelworks, particularly in plants producing semi products and final metallurgical products, among others in hot rolling plants and forging shops, first of all in machine building and automotive industry. Originality/value: The application of modern metallurgical technologies and metalforming has been suggested for selected metallurgical products of microalloy steels of the type HSLA with a ferrite-bainite, bainite or tempered martensite structure and also of HSS steels and UHSS steel with a wide range of mechanical properties and technological formability, which is essential in the case of products of the automotive industry.

Metallurgical products of microalloy constructional steels

Purpose: The aim of the investigations is to determine the influence of the recrystallization temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the brass CuZn30 subjected to cold deformation in the process of rolling at various degrees of strain. Design/methodology/approach: The brass CuZn30 was recrystallization annealed within the temperature range of 300-650°C after cold rolling with the strain of 15.8-70.2%. The tensile test was carried out by the use of universal testing machine. Metallographic observations were performed on an optical microscope and fractographic tests on a scanning electron microscope. The hardness was also measured. Findings: The analysis of the results of investigations concerning the mechanical properties permitted to determine the effect of the temperature of recrystallization annealing on the strength and plastic properties of the investigated brass, subjected to cold deformation with a varying strain in the course of rolling. The character of fracture after decohesion in the tension test was determined basing on fractographic investigations.

W. Ozgowicz

Papers

Analysis of Deformation Texture in AISI 304 Steel Sheets

Interaction of carbonitrides V(C,N) undissolved in austenite on the structure and mechanical properties of microalloyed V-N steels

The influence of the temperature of tensile test on the structure and plastic properties of copper alloy type CuCr1Zr

Metallurgical products of microalloy constructional steels

The microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy CuZn30 after recrystallizion annealing