Many observations related to the large-scale structure of the interplanetary magnetic field, its solar origin and terrestrial effects are discussed. During the period observed by spacecraft the interplanetary field was dominated by a sector structure corotating with the sun in which the field is predominantly away from the sun (on the average in the Archimedes spiral direction) for several days (as observed near the earth), and then toward the sun for several days, etc. The average sector appears to be a coherent entity with internal structure such that its preceding portion is more active than its following portion. Cosmic rays corotate with the interplanetary field, and there are differential flows associated with the sector pattern. Profound effects on geomagnetic activity and the radiation belts are produced as the sector pattern rotates past the earth. The solar origin of the sector pattern is discussed. The solar source may be associated with the large-scale weak background photospheric fields observed with the solar magnetograph. It is suggested that there may be a rather continual relation between this solar structure and terrestrial responses, of which the recurring M-Region geomagnetic storms are just the most prominent example.

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The interplanetary magnetic field - Solar origin and terrestrial effects.

Understanding of the planetary interiors depends upon our knowledge of the equations of state and of the transport properties of matter at high pressures and temperatures. The present status of this knowledge in relation to hydrogen and helium is discussed in detail including electrical and thermal conductivity, viscosity, diffusivity, etc. On this basis the various possible models of the internal structure of Jupiter and of Saturn are presented and their agreement with observational constraints such as the multipole gravitational coefficients analyzed. Relevance of planetary magnetic fields, basic atmospheric information and the Great Red Spot of Jupiter to the models of the interiors are discussed.

Structure of Jupiter and Saturn

Surface characteristics of the magnetic stars

When the observed pattern of solar magnetic fields is decomposed in its spherical-harmonic components and a time series analysis is performed, a resonant global wave pattern is revealed. The power spectrum indicates modes with discrete frequencies, obeying a strict parity selection rule in the case of the zonal, rotationally-symmetric modes (with spherical-harmonic order m = 0). For instance, the 22 yr resonance that dominates for the anti-symmetric modes (with odd values of the spherical-harmonic degree l) is completely absent for the symmetric modes, which instead exhibit a number of resonances having frequencies increasing with l.

W. R. Hindmarsh

Papers

Magnetism and the Cosmos