This study assesses factors that utilities must address when they integrate intermittent renewable technologies into their power-supply systems; it also reviews the literature in this area and has a bibliography containing more than 350 listings. Three topics are covered: (1) interface (hardware and design-related interconnection), (2) operability/stability, and (3) planning. This study finds that several commonly held perceptions regarding integration of intermittent renewable energy technologies are not valid. Among fmdings of the study are the following: (1) hardware and system design advances have eliminated most concerns about interface, (2) cost penalties have not occurred at low to moderate penetration levels (and high levels am feasible); and (3) intermittent renewable energy technologies can have capacity values. Obstacles still interfering with intermittent renewable technologies are also indentified.

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Factors Relevant to Utility Integration of Intermittent Renewable Technologies

A history is presented of utility photovoltaic generation. Material from readily available publications is discussed and referenced chronologically to show the reader how utility-interactive photovoltaic generation reached its present status. >

The history of utility-interactive photovoltaic generation

The interconnection of a photovoltaic generator to a utility can be made more cost effective by eliminating the need for an isolation or dedicated utility transformer.

W. Rippel

Papers

Requirements for a Transformerless Power Conditioning Subsystem

Requirements for a transformerless power conditioning system