The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising technology which tends to revolutionize and connect the global world via heterogeneous smart devices through seamless connectivity. The current demand for machine-type communications (MTC) has resulted in a variety of communication technologies with diverse service requirements to achieve the modern IoT vision. More recent cellular standards like long-term evolution (LTE) have been introduced for mobile devices but are not well suited for low-power and low data rate devices such as the IoT devices. To address this, there is a number of emerging IoT standards. Fifth generation (5G) mobile network, in particular, aims to address the limitations of previous cellular standards and be a potential key enabler for future IoT. In this paper, the state-of-the-art of the IoT application requirements along with their associated communication technologies are surveyed. In addition, the third generation partnership project cellular-based low-power wide area solutions to support and enable the new service requirements for Massive to Critical IoT use cases are discussed in detail, including extended coverage global system for mobile communications for the Internet of Things, enhanced machine-type communications, and narrowband-Internet of Things. Furthermore, 5G new radio enhancements for new service requirements and enabling technologies for the IoT are introduced. This paper presents a comprehensive review related to emerging and enabling technologies with main focus on 5G mobile networks that is envisaged to support the exponential traffic growth for enabling the IoT. The challenges and open research directions pertinent to the deployment of massive to critical IoT applications are also presented in coming up with an efficient context-aware congestion control mechanism.

A Survey on 5G Networks for the Internet of Things: Communication Technologies and Challenges

The past few years have witnessed increased interest in the potential use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in a wide range of applications and it has become a hot research area. Based on network structure, routing protocols in WSNs can be divided into two categories: flat routing and hierarchical or clustering routing. Owing to a variety of advantages, clustering is becoming an active branch of routing technology in WSNs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive and fine grained survey on clustering routing protocols proposed in the literature for WSNs. We outline the advantages and objectives of clustering for WSNs, and develop a novel taxonomy of WSN clustering routing methods based on complete and detailed clustering attributes. In particular, we systematically analyze a few prominent WSN clustering routing protocols and compare these different approaches according to our taxonomy and several significant metrics. Finally, we summarize and conclude the paper with some future directions.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/8/11113/pdf

A Survey on Clustering Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Clustering has been proven to be one of the most efficient techniques for saving energy of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, in a hierarchical cluster based WSN, cluster heads (CHs) consume more energy due to extra overload for receiving and aggregating the data from their member sensor nodes and transmitting the aggregated data to the base station. Therefore, the proper selection of CHs plays vital role to conserve the energy of sensor nodes for prolonging the lifetime of WSNs. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient cluster head selection algorithm which is based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) called PSO-ECHS. The algorithm is developed with an efficient scheme of particle encoding and fitness function. For the energy efficiency of the proposed PSO approach, we consider various parameters such as intra-cluster distance, sink distance and residual energy of sensor nodes. We also present cluster formation in which non-cluster head sensor nodes join their CHs based on derived weight function. The algorithm is tested extensively on various scenarios of WSNs, varying number of sensor nodes and the CHs. The results are compared with some existing algorithms to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm.

A particle swarm optimization based energy efficient cluster head selection algorithm for wireless sensor networks

This chapter contains sections titled: Product Definition for Broadband Wireless Systems Technology Drivers Evolving Wireless Broadband Market Segments Open Systems and Intelligence at the Edge Radio Network System Engineering References

Always Best Connected

Emerging applications such as Internet of Everything, Holographic Telepresence, collaborative robots, and space and deep-sea tourism are already highlighting the limitations of existing fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks. These limitations are in terms of data-rate, latency, reliability, availability, processing, connection density and global coverage, spanning over ground, underwater and space. The sixth-generation (6G) of mobile networks are expected to burgeon in the coming decade to address these limitations. The development of 6G vision, applications, technologies and standards has already become a popular research theme in academia and the industry. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of the current developments towards 6G. We highlight the societal and technological trends that initiate the drive towards 6G. Emerging applications to realize the demands raised by 6G driving trends are discussed subsequently. We also elaborate the requirements that are necessary to realize the 6G applications. Then we present the key enabling technologies in detail. We also outline current research projects and activities including standardization efforts towards the development of 6G. Finally, we summarize lessons learned from state-of-the-art research and discuss technical challenges that would shed a new light on future research directions towards 6G.

/pdf/survey-on-6g-frontiers-trends-applications-requirements-4chpm5yasw.pdf

Survey on 6G Frontiers: Trends, Applications, Requirements, Technologies and Future Research

This paper presents a new version of LEACH protocol called VLEACH which aims to reduce energy consumption within the wireless network. We evaluate both LEACH and V-LEACH through extensive simulations using OMNET++ simulator which shows that VLEACH performs better than LEACH protocol.

https://www.philadelphia.edu.jo/academics/halrefai/uploads/Improvement%20on%20LEACH%20Protocol%20of%20Wireless%20Sensor%20Network.pdf

Improvement on LEACH Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network (VLEACH).

Cloud computing emerged in the last years to handle systems with large-scale services sharing between vast numbers of users. It provides enormous storage for data and computing power to users over the Internet. There are many issues with the high growth of data. Data security is one of the most important issues in cloud computing. There are many algorithms and implementation for data security. These algorithms provided various encryption methods. In this work, We present a comprehensive study between Symmetric key and Asymmetric key encryption algorithms that enhanced data security in cloud computing system. We discuss AES, DES, 3DES and Blowfish for symmetric encryption algorithms, and RSA, DSA, Diffie-Hellman and Elliptic Curve, for asymmetric encryption algorithms.

Comprehensive study of symmetric key and asymmetric key encryption algorithms

The rapid development of information technology and computer networks make them part of almost everything in our daily life and it became impossible to abandon their use. One of the main and important applications of technology in homes is home automation including controlling and automation of electronic and electrical machines remotely. Wireless Home Automation Networks (WHANs) are used in homes to connect the different devices together and to the Internet. In order to control home devices remotely, there are many popular protocols such as INSTEON, ZigBee, and Home Plug. In this paper, we focus on the relatively new protocol called Z-Wave protocol and we discuss it development and applications in smart homes. This wireless protocol has many advantages over the popular and widely used ZigBee protocol as it provides better reliability, low radio rebirth, easy usage, and easy Interoperability.

Smart homes automation using Z-wave protocol

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is one of the most powerful tools that offer valuable information related to different abnormalities in the human brain. One of these abnormalities is the epileptic seizure. A framework is proposed for detecting epileptic seizures from EEG signals recorded from normal and epileptic patients. The suggested approach is designed to classify the abnormal signal from the normal one automatically. This work aims to improve the accuracy of epileptic seizure detection and reduce computational costs. To address this, the proposed framework uses the 54-DWT mother wavelets analysis of EEG signals using the Genetic algorithm (GA) in combination with other four machine learning (ML) classifiers: Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Naive Bayes (NB). The performance of 14 different combinations of two-class epilepsy detection is investigated using these four ML classifiers. The experimental results show that the four classifiers produce comparable results for the derived statistical features from the 54-DWT mother wavelets; however, the ANN classifier achieved the best accuracy in most datasets combinations, and it outperformed the other examined classifiers.

/pdf/enhanced-detection-of-epileptic-seizure-using-eeg-signals-in-5gkk4ultpa.pdf

Enhanced Detection of Epileptic Seizure Using EEG Signals in Combination With Machine Learning Classifiers

An ad hoc network is a collection of infrastructure less nodes, cooperating dynamically to form a temporary network which meets certain immediate needs. The lack of in frastructure implies that the nodes are connected peer-to-peer. Therefore, each node acts as a router beside its main role as a hos t. With the increased number of mobile devices, the application s of ad hoc network increased dramatically to capture different domains such as: academic communication, and mobile conferencing beside its traditional domains such as: military communication , and emergency communication. Security issues become more challenging in ad hoc n etwork due to its dynamic nature which allows any node to freely join as well as leave the network without having a physical address or getting permission. Ad hoc networks are vulnerable to diffe rent kinds of attacks such as: denial of services, impersonation, and eavesdropping. This paper discusses one of the security problems i n ad hoc networks called the black hole problem. It occurs w hen a malicious node referred as black hole joins the network. The black hole conducts its malicious behavior during the process of route discovery. For any received RREQ, the black hole cl aims having a route and propagates a faked RREP. The source node responds to these faked RREPs and sends its data through the re ceived routes. Once the data is received by the black hole, it is dropped instead of being sent to the desired destination. The proposed protocol is built on top of the origin al AODV. It extends the AODV to include the following functionalities: source node waits for a reliable route; each node has a ta ble in which it adds the addresses of the reliable nodes; RREP is o verloaded with an extra field to indicate the reliability of the r eplying node. The simulation of the proposed protocol shows significa nt improvement in the terms of: packet delivery ratio, number of d ropped packets, and end-to-end delay. The overhead still needs more researches .

https://www.ijcnis.org/index.php/ijcnis/article/download/67/64

Wail Mardini

Papers

Improvement on LEACH Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network (VLEACH).

Comprehensive study of symmetric key and asymmetric key encryption algorithms

Smart homes automation using Z-wave protocol

Enhanced Detection of Epileptic Seizure Using EEG Signals in Combination With Machine Learning Classifiers

A New Protocol for Detecting Black Hole Nodes in Ad Hoc Networks