In todays world, the demand for Mobile Internet is increasing and the Internet of Things poses a challenging requirement for 5G wireless communications. Turbo Codes and Tail Bitting Convolution Codes (TBCC) have proven to be efficient for LTE communication. But these codes have failed to satisfy the conditions defined for 5G Communications. In 5G, we require advanced error correction techniques for channel coding. To fulfill 5G communications requirements, we use LDPC and Polar codes for error correction. In 5G NR (New Radio) LDPC codes used for the data channel and control channel Polar Codes are used. We get high Coding gain for this code. It has several features such as high throughput, low power dissipation, and low latency. We describe encoding and decoding methods of LDPC and Polar Codes. They use two types of Base matrices of 5G NR for this code. Polar codes depend on channel polarization and are the first code that has achieved Shannon channel capacity. Polar codes have wide applications in Information theory. Quasi Cyclic LDPC code, Irregular Repeat-Accumulate (IRA) code, Spatially Coupled LDPC (SP-LDPC), NBLDPC-Polar Codes described. For 5G Standard this code plays an important role in Channel Coding.

Coding Techniques for 5G Networks: A Review

Military robot swarm becomes more and more important for contemporary military application. In order to satisfy sophisticated application scenarios, novel communication architecture for military robot swarm has to be conceived. In this paper, we propose a multi-carrier intelligent covert satellite communication (MCICSC) architecture based on electromagnetic environment sensing technology, in where the ability of dynamically adapting the system configuration to the holistic requirements of covertness, performance, and complexity can be considerably improved. Additionally, in order to solve the carrier synchronization problem in very low signal noise ratio (SNR) for each data stream of MCICSC, polar code (PC) is incorporated into the proposed MCICSC system. With the aid of the proposed polar code-aided multi-stream parallel feedback (PAMSPF) carrier synchronization scheme, the MCICSC system is capable of realizing high-precise carrier synchronization even in very low SNR region. Moreover, in order to further decrease the complexity of our MCICSC system, we also propose a polar code-based diversity combining (PBDC) scheme, which is capable of efficiently combing all the data streams without the aid of channel state information (CSI) estimation. Numerical simulations demonstrate that for MCICSC system the performance of the PAMSPF carrier synchronization and PBDC combining schemes can get extremely close to that of an ideally synchronized system. Complexity analysis of the proposed algorithms is given as well.

/pdf/intelligent-covert-satellite-communication-for-military-4k23tf547y.pdf

Intelligent Covert Satellite Communication for Military Robot Swarm

https://www.techscience.com/cmc/v71n1/45381/pdf

Deployment of Polar Codes for Mission-Critical Machine-Type Communication Over Wireless Networks

Polar codes are attracting much attention and being used for control channels of the 5th generation of mobile communication system (5G). As a feature, it is easier to implement encoder and decoder than Turbo codes and LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) codes. One of the decoding methods of polar codes is BP (Belief Propagation) decoding, which can decode in parallel, so that decoding can be performed at high speed. However, due to hardware limitation, calculations on the decoder get very complicated. This issue can be solved by using the information bottleneck method. This method compresses an observation variable to a quantized one while attempting to preserve the mutual information shared with a relevant random variable. In the conventional research, the information bottleneck method is applied to the BP decoding of the LDPC codes. In this paper, the information bottleneck method is used for the BP decoding of polar codes. The BP decoding of polar codes is distinct from that of LDPC codes. It has several types of the messages, and each time a message is updated, the decoding becomes more complex. By using the information bottleneck method, the decoder can compress the channel outputs and the messages of BP into unsigned integers while preventing degradation of the error correcting performance. Thus, we can reduce the complexity of calculation in the decoding process and easily implement the decoder. This paper also investigates the minimum bit width for quantization with negligible degradation and the suboptimal E
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 for designing the lookup tables. These lookup tables are used for updating the messages. The simulation results show that the error correcting capability of the discrete polar decoders of the proposed method is negligibly degraded compared to the BP decoding without compression.

Discrete Polar Decoder using Information Bottleneck Method

Future communication systems aim to provide very high data rate seamless service to users. Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) is emerging as a technology to address this goal in 5G standard. The inherent ability of handling huge data makes it perfect candidate for high-rate applications. The term Massive comes from the fact that the Base Station (BS) is designed with a greater number of antennas for supporting numerous users over the same time-frequency resources. The increasing demand for minimum latency and high reliability communication necessitates efficient data transfer via the most unreliable wireless channel. The unpredictable nature of wireless channel due to multipath fading phenomena poses threat on data transmission inducing errors. Suitable channel coding techniques can combat the errors to a great extent. This paper simulates uncoded and coded massive MIMO system with perfect and imperfect channel state information. It is observed that coded transmission outperforms uncoded once in terms of bit error rate. The BER performance is analysed and compared in different channel scenarios i.e., Rayleigh, Rician and Gaussian.

Performance evaluation of coding schemes for 5G Communication under different channel setting

In this paper we look into 5G requirements for channel coding and review candidate channel coding schemes for 5G. A comparative study is presented for possible channel coding candidates of 5G covering Convolutional, Turbo, Low Density Parity Check (LDPC), and Polar codes. It seems that polar code with Successive Cancellation List (SCL) decoding using small list length (such as 8) is a promising choice for short message lengths (≤128 bits) due to its error performance and relatively low complexity. Also adopting non-binary LDPC can provide good performance on the expense of increased complexity but with better spectral efficiency. Considering the implementation, polar code with decoding algorithms based on SCL required small area and low power consumption when compared to LDPC codes. For larger message lengths (≥256 bits) turbo code can provide better performance at low coding rates (<1/2)

Comparative Study of Channel Coding Schemes for 5G

Abstract– Adaptive Reduced Path Successive Cancellation List (ARP-SCL) decoding for polar codes is proposed in this paper. The aim here is to reduce the complexity of the conventional Successive Cancellation List (SCL) and a previously proposed Reduced Path SCL (RP-SCL) decoders. The complexity reduction is obtained at low and moderate signal to noise power ratio (SNR) regions. The operation of the proposed ARP-SCL decoder relied on the calculation of different optimum pruning parameters according to the operating SNR, while RP-SCL used single parameters set. Simulation tests are carried out to determine both the complexity and Bit Error Rate (BER) performances of the proposed ARP-SCL decoder in comparison with SCL and RP-SCL decoders. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and two fading channel models simulating indoor 5G environment using millimetre Wave (mmWave) with a carrier frequency of 28GHz and having either 50 or 400 MHz bandwidths are used. The results revealed that the proposed ARP-SCL decoder reduced the average processed paths up to 46.88%. The largest complexity reductions are obtained in the case of fading channel having 400 MHz bandwidth at high SNR regions. In most test conditions, the mentioned reduction in complexity is achieved without greatly sacrificing the required BER. .

Adaptive reduced paths successive cancellation list decoding for polar codes

Polar codes have already been adopted in 5G systems to improve error performance. Successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding is usually used at the decoder and involves lengthy processing. Therefore, different methods have been developed to reduce an SCL decoder’s complexity. In this paper, a reduced path successive cancellation list (RP-SCL) decoder is presented to reduce this complexity, where some decoding paths are pruned. The pruning is achieved by using three different thresholds: two for the path metric and one for the pruning depth in the decoding tree. An optimization procedure is considered to determine the optimum settings for these thresholds. The simulation tests are carried out over models of an additive white Gaussian noise channel and a fading channel by using 5G environments. The results reveal that the proposed RP-SCL decoder provides the complexity reduction in terms of the average number of processed paths at high SNR. Additionally, the computational complexity and the memory requirements decrease.

/pdf/reduced-path-successive-cancellation-list-decoding-for-polar-2if59xjnpr.pdf

Reduced Path Successive Cancellation List Decoding for Polar Codes

Two internal pilot insertion methods are proposed for polar codes to improve their error correction performance. The presented methods are based on a study of the weight distribution of the given polar code. The insertion of pilot bits provided a new way to control the coding rate of the modified polar code on the basis of the Hamming weight properties without sacrificing the code construction and the related channel condition. Rate control is highly demanded by 5G channel coding schemes. Two short-length polar codes were considered in the work with successive cancellation list decoding. The results showed that advantages in the range of 0.1 to 0.75 dB were obtained in the relative tolerance of the modified coded signal to the additive white Gaussian noise and fading channels at a bit error rate of 10 −4 . The simulation results also revealed that the performance improvements were possible with a careful insertion of the pilots. The modified polar code with pilot insertion provided performance improvement and offered the control of the coding rate without any added complexity at both the encoder and the decoder.

/pdf/internal-pilot-insertion-for-polar-codes-ws0f0pt2f9.pdf

Internal pilot insertion for polar codes

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is widely used over both wired and wireless channels. OFDM applications rely mainly on its ease of implementation, high data rates, and reduction of fading effects. The paper is concerned with the comparison of FFT and wavelet based OFDM techniques when used to transmit scalable video coded (SVC) signal over wireless channel. The wavelet based system uses Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), called here DWT-OFDM. A method is devised to order SVC layers so that the transmission bit rate (bandwidth) of the multiplexed systems can gain further scalability which assist in providing flexible bit rate selection in addition to the scalability in quality of the received video signal. Different bandwidths are considered in transmission of the video signal when transmitted over models of three standard wireless channels. The results have shown that the proposed arrangement of layered scalability for both DWT-OFDM and FFT-OFDM systems can withstand channel fading conditions and bandwidth limitations. FFT-OFDM system performed better than DWT-OFDM over the most transmission scenarios considered here.

Walled Khalid Abdulwahab

Papers

Comparative Study of Channel Coding Schemes for 5G

Adaptive reduced paths successive cancellation list decoding for polar codes

Reduced Path Successive Cancellation List Decoding for Polar Codes

Internal pilot insertion for polar codes

Scalable video transmission using OFDM schemes over wireless channels