Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Rome IV.

A classification is proposed that unifies and organizes spinal and cranial dural arteriovenous fistulous malformations (AVFMs) into three types based upon their anatomical similarities. Type I dural AVFMs drain directly into dural venous sinuses or meningeal veins. Type II malformations drain into dural sinuses or meningeal veins but also have retrograde drainage into subarachnoid veins. Type III malformations drain into subarachnoid veins and do not have dural sinus or meningeal venous drainage. The arterial supply in each of these three types is derived from meningeal arteries. The anatomical basis of the proposed classification is presented with several cases that illustrate the three types of dural AVFMs. A rationale for the treatment of spinal and cranial dural AVFMs according to their anatomical characteristics is discussed.

A proposed classification for spinal and cranial dural arteriovenous fistulous malformations and implications for treatment

The development of mature gait. D Sutherland;R Olshen;L Cooper;S Woo; The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery

The development of mature gait.

The overall issue of assessment during early childhood, and its relation to school readiness and other decisions, is currently widely debated. Expanding early childhood education and child care enrollments, better scientific knowledge about early childhood development, and decisions about public spending, necessitate careful consideration of which assessment tools to use, as well as why and when to use them. More specifically, the disconnection between the importance of social and emotional domains of development, and their status within educational programming and assessment, has long been lamented. The last several years have, however, witnessed a blossoming of attention to these areas during early childhood, as crucial for both concurrent and later well-being and mental health, as well as learning and academic success. Teachers view children's "readiness to learn" and "teachability" as marked by positive emotional expressiveness, enthusiasm, and ability to regulate emotions and behaviors. Based on thes...

Social-Emotional Competence as Support for School Readiness: What Is It and How Do We Assess It?

It has been proposed that facial expression production originates in sensory regulation. Here we demonstrate that facial expressions of fear are configured to enhance sensory acquisition. A statistical model of expression appearance revealed that fear and disgust expressions have opposite shape and surface reflectance features. We hypothesized that this reflects a fundamental antagonism serving to augment versus diminish sensory exposure. In keeping with this hypothesis, when subjects posed expressions of fear, they had a subjectively larger visual field, faster eye movements during target localization and an increase in nasal volume and air velocity during inspiration. The opposite pattern was found for disgust. Fear may therefore work to enhance perception, whereas disgust dampens it. These convergent results provide support for the Darwinian hypothesis that facial expressions are not arbitrary configurations for social communication, but rather, expressions may have originated in altering the sensory interface with the physical world.

Expressing fear enhances sensory acquisition

At first glance it would seem inconceivable that for sixty years physicians could have gone on studying gastric acidity in the sick, without, somewhere along the way, pausing to secure standards of normal. There are two explanations for this peculiar behavior of the medical profession: one, that we have always been more ready to study disease and to treat it than to make the basic anthropologic and statistical studies that would enable us to say where normal ends and disease begins; and the other, that it is not easy to get several thousand normal persons to submit to gastric intubation. Much work has been done with medical students and with infants, but, unfortunately, most of the published reports of these studies are useless for statistical analysis because distribution tables were not supplied, and measurements from several age groups were averaged together. Although the literature on gastric analysis is enormous, we

The normal range of gastric acidity from youth to old age: an analysis of 3,746 records

I N 1911, I saw a psychopathic woman, past the menopause, who, with her protuberant abdomen, was sure that she was pregnant by the Holy Spirit. She insisted on going to a lying-in hospital and was outraged when told that she was not going to have a baby. I learned then that a bloated abdomen can be produced purely by nervous means. Later I saw an occasional nervous, unhappy woman who during the day would become more and more bloated, until by evening she would appear about eight months pregnant. The abdomen usually became flat during the night. Soon I began to realize that in these cases the cause could not be gas. Why? Because (1) a roentgenogram of the enlarged abdomen showed that there was no excess of gas in the stomach or bowel, and (2) as the swelling went down, sometimes suddenly, there was no passage of flatus.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/intemed/articlepdf/553997/archinte_84_2_002.pdf

Hysterical type of nongaseous abdominal bloating

Electromyographic studies of the gastrointestinal tract

For fifty years the study of gastric acidity in disease has been hampered, first, by the absence of detailed standards of normal for persons of varying age and sex and, second, by a cumbersome method of classifying acidity, a method that tends to obscure any but large differences between two sets of data. We recently published standards of normal based on the records of 3,746 persons. The reader is referred to that paper 1 for many details in regard to technic and other matters. Our standards for free and total acidity and for the incidence of achlorhydria in adults will be found in table 1. So far as children and young persons aged less than 20 years are concerned (table 2), we can provide standards only for free acidity because our data were meager and unsatisfactory in regard to total acidity and the incidence of achlorhydria. In our previous article

Changes in gastric acidity in peptic ulcer, cholecystitis and other diseases: analyzed with the help of a new and accurate technic

This is a beautifully illustrated, well-written, and well-published book which all workers in this field will enjoy and will find very valuable. Dr. Templeton, Clinical Professor of Radiology at the University of Washington at Seattle, tells us of some of the newer apparatus such as the filming fluoroscope. In writing this revision, Dr. Templeton has been guided much by the many questions which he has received from the men who read the first edition. This book can be a great help to every young roentgenologist because it will acquaint him with roentgenograms of all the many lesions of the duodenum and stomach. It is remarkable that a man could write a book of 598 pages on the x-ray examination of just the esophagus, the stomach, and the duodenum. This book is a good answer to those many persons who currently complain that doctors have become much too specialized; it shows

Walter C. Alvarez

Papers

The normal range of gastric acidity from youth to old age: an analysis of 3,746 records

Hysterical type of nongaseous abdominal bloating

Electromyographic studies of the gastrointestinal tract

Changes in gastric acidity in peptic ulcer, cholecystitis and other diseases: analyzed with the help of a new and accurate technic

X-Ray Examination of the Stomach.