(1993). Re-thinking Old Ways: Towards A More Critical Approach To Practical Work In School Science. Studies in Science Education: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 85-142.

Re-thinking Old Ways: Towards A More Critical Approach To Practical Work In School Science

Expectancy, attention, and time.

A consideration of the analogy between the half-life of radioactive substances and the rate of obsolescence of scientific literature. The validity of this analogy suggests the possibility of more accurate prognostications concerning the period of time during which scientific literature may be used and hence might help to guide the planning of library collections and technical information services.

The “half‐life” of some scientific and technical literatures

(1985). Philosophy of Science, Science and Science Education. Studies in Science Education: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 25-57.

Philosophy of Science, Science and Science Education.

A number of studies on the time-order error (TOE) and related perceptual and judgmental phenomena are reviewed. It is concluded that the TOE should be classified as a perceptual phenomenon that can be understood and predicted with adaptation-level theory and the notion of sensation weighting. It is also concluded that sensation weighting underlies assimilation and contrast phenomena and that it is a manifestation of a general cognitive principle: the utilization of generic information to supplement specific stimulus information.

The time-order error and its relatives: Mirrors of cognitive processes in comparing.

The time-order effect (TOE), commonly referred to as time-order error, has been the subject of much investigation and has been extensively discussed in the literature.l It has both practical and theoretical importance. One of the most valuable practical results of work on TOE has been the knowledge that comparisons must be made in two time-orders if errors are to be minimized. In the absence of a quantitative theory, it has been customary to assume, however, that the TOE for standard first, variable second (S1V2) will be exactly equal to TOE for variable first, standard second (V1S,).2 If this assumption is incorrect, serious errors may creep into psychophysical measurements designed to establish psychological equality between physically different stimuli; for example; in the establishment of the luminosity function of the C.I.E. standard observer.3 The theoretical importance of TOE lies in its implications for psychological scaling and for theories of perception and judgment. The successful application of rating-scale techniques and adaptationlevel (AL) theory to comparative judgments makes possible the development of a treatment of TOE which is quantitative and which integrates TOE with other psychological phenomena.4 The present study was undertaken to test the validity of an extension of adaptation-level theory to timeorder effects.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/1418635

A quantitative theory of time-order effects.

It has been shown in previous studies that the absolute type of judgment commonly employed in rating scales may be utilized for psychophysical measurements as well as in the evaluation of responses which have no physically measureable stimuli.1 In the absolute method of judgment, although background stimuli may be introduced to serve as anchors, no direct comparison of variable and standard is required. In such cases it has been shown that the basis of judgment is the adaptation-level, defined as a weighted geometric mean of present and past stimuli. The question arises: Can the quantitative theory found adequate for absolute judgments be extended to direct comparison of standard and variables as in the method of constant stimulus differences? If this can be done then the

Walter C. Michels

Papers

A quantitative theory of time-order effects.

The use of comparative rating scales for the evaluation of psychophysical data.

Electrical Measurements and their Applications

Physics for Everybody

The International Dictionary of Physics and Electronics