Currently, fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas represent the prime energy sources in the world. However, it is anticipated that these sources of energy will deplete within the next 40–50 years. Moreover, the expected environmental damages such as the global warming, acid rain and urban smog due to the production of emissions from these sources have tempted the world to try to reduce carbon emissions by 80% and shift towards utilizing a variety of renewable energy resources (RES) which are less environmentally harmful such as solar, wind, biomass etc. in a sustainable way. Biomass is one of the earliest sources of energy with very specific properties. In this review, several aspects which are associated with burning biomass in boilers have been investigated such as composition of biomass, estimating the higher heating value of biomass, comparison between biomass and other fuels, combustion of biomass, co-firing of biomass and coal, impacts of biomass, economic and social analysis of biomass, transportation of biomass, densification of biomass, problems of biomass and future of biomass. It has been found that utilizing biomass in boilers offers many economical, social and environmental benefits such as financial net saving, conservation of fossil fuel resources, job opportunities creation and CO 2 and NO x emissions reduction. However, care should be taken to other environmental impacts of biomass such as land and water resources, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity and deforestation. Fouling, marketing, low heating value, storage and collections and handling are all associated problems when burning biomass in boilers. The future of biomass in boilers depends upon the development of the markets for fossil fuels and on policy decisions regarding the biomass market.

A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers

An industrial sector uses more energy than any other end-use sectors and currently this sector is consuming about 37% of the world's total delivered energy. Energy is consumed in the industrial sector by a diverse group of industries including manufacturing, agriculture, mining, and construction and for a wide range of activities, such as processing and assembly, space conditioning, and lighting. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review about industrial energy saving by management, technologies and policies. Latest literatures in terms of thesis (MS and PhD), journal articles, conference proceedings, web materials, reports, books, handbooks on industrial energy management, policies and energy savings strategies have been compiled. Energy saving by management including energy audit, training programs and housekeeping beside some energy management practices in the world has been reviewed. Energy saving technologies, such as use of high efficiency motors (HEMs), variable speed drives (VSDs), economizers, leak prevention and reducing pressure drop has been reviewed. Based on energy saving technologies results, it has been found that in the industrial sectors, a sizeable amount of electric energy, emissions and utility bill can be saved using these technologies. Payback periods for different energy savings measures have been identified and found to be economically viable in most cases. Finally, various energy-saving policies for few selected countries were reviewed.

/pdf/a-review-on-energy-saving-strategies-in-industrial-sector-4kkbuithgl.pdf

A review on energy saving strategies in industrial sector

Horizon 2020 Project “Design for Resource and Energy efficiency in CerAMic Kilns- DREAM Project (Grant No: 723641), Horizon 2020 Industrial THERMal energy recovery conversion and management (Grant No:680599) and ESPRC (Grant No: EP/P004636/1)

https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/16137/3/Fulltext.pdf

Waste Heat Recovery Technologies and Applications

In this paper we present a new approach for establishing correspondences between sparse image features related by an unknown non-rigid mapping and corrupted by clutter and occlusion, such as points extracted from a pair of images containing a human figure in distinct poses. We formulate this matching task as an energy minimization problem by defining a complex objective function of the appearance and the spatial arrangement of the features. Optimization of this energy is an instance of graph matching, which is in general a NP-hard problem. We describe a novel graph matching optimization technique, which we refer to as dual decomposition (DD), and demonstrate on a variety of examples that this method outperforms existing graph matching algorithms. In the majority of our examples DD is able to find the global minimum within a minute. The ability to globally optimize the objective allows us to accurately learn the parameters of our matching model from training examples. We show on several matching tasks that our learned model yields results superior to those of state-of-the-art methods.

/pdf/feature-correspondence-via-graph-matching-models-and-global-1xjt3cb48e.pdf

Feature Correspondence Via Graph Matching: Models and Global Optimization

Graph cut is a popular technique for interactive image segmentation. However, it has certain shortcomings. In particular, graph cut has problems with segmenting thin elongated objects due to the ldquoshrinking biasrdquo. To overcome this problem, we propose to impose an additional connectivity prior, which is a very natural assumption about objects. We formulate several versions of the connectivity constraint and show that the corresponding optimization problems are all NP-hard. For some of these versions we propose two optimization algorithms: (i) a practical heuristic technique which we call DijkstraGC, and (ii) a slow method based on problem decomposition which provides a lower bound on the problem. We use the second technique to verify that for some practical examples DijkstraGC is able to find the global minimum.

/pdf/graph-cut-based-image-segmentation-with-connectivity-priors-3zcxatu0sj.pdf

Graph cut based image segmentation with connectivity priors

Introduction Background The Value of Energy Management The Energy Management Profession Some Suggested Principles of Energy Management Effective Energy Management Energy Management Program Organizational Structure Energy Policy Planning Audit Planning Educational Planning Strategic Planning Reporting Ownership Energy Auditing Energy Auditing Services Basic Components of an Energy Audit Specialized Audit Tools Industrial Audits Commercial Audits Residential Audits Indoor Air Quality Economic Analysis Objective General Characteristics of Capital Investments Sources of Funds Tax Considerations Time Value of Money Concepts Project Measures of Worth Special Topics Summary & Additional Example Applications Boilers and Fired Systems Analysis of Boilers & Fired Systems Key Elements for Maximum Efficiency Condensing Boilers Fuel Considerations Steam and Condensate Systems Thermal Properties of Steam Estimating Steam Usage & Its Value Steam Traps & Their Application Condensate Recovery Cogeneration Cogeneration System Design & Analysis Computer Programs U.S. Cogeneration Legislation: PURPA Evaluating Cogeneration Opportunities: Case Examples Waste-Heat Recovery Waste-Heat Survey Classifying Waste-Heat Quality Storage of Waste Heat Quantifying Waste Heat Matching Waste Heat Source & Sink Waste-Heat Exchangers Commercial Options in Waste-Heat-Recovery Equipment Emerging Technologies for Waste Heat Recovery Building Envelope Principles of Envelope Analysis Metal Elements in Envelope Components Roofs Floors Fenestration Infiltration Summarizing Envelope Performance with the Building Load Coefficient Thermal "Weight" Envelope Analysis for Existing Buildings Envelope Analysis for New Buildings Envelope Standards for New & Existing Construction HVAC Systems Surveying Existing Conditions Human Thermal Comfort Interactions with HVAC ECO Projects HVAC System Types Central Cooling Equipment, Heat Rejection Equipment & Distribution Impact of Part-Load Operation & Occupancy HVAC System Electrical Distribution Energy Humidification Systems Example HVAC Energy Conservation Opportunities Reducing System Loads Estimating HVAC Energy Consumption Motors, Drives & Electric Energy Management Power Supply Effects of Unbalanced Voltages on Performance of Motors Effect of Performance-General Motors Glossary of Frequently Occurring Motor Terms Power Factor Special High Efficiency Motor Designs Electrical Motor Performance at Part Load Determining Electric Motor Operating Loads Power Meter Approximate Motor Load from Slip Measurement Approximate Motor Load from Amperage Readings Electric Motor Efficiency Comparing Motors Sensitivity of Load to Motor RPM Efficiency Losses of Drive Loads Variable Frequency Drives Motor Power Consumption When Throttling Theoretical Power Consumption Motormaster Energy Management Control Systems Energy Management Control Systems Networks Hardware Software EMCS Design Considerations Equipment Connected to EMCS Control Strategies Specification for EMCS Procurement Commissioning EMCS Lighting Lighting Fundamentals Process to Improve Lighting Efficiency Maintenance Emerging Technology Special Considerations Daylighting Common Retrofits Energy Systems Maintenance Developing the Maintenance Program Why Perform Energy, Facility & Process Systems Maintenance? Developing & Implementing a Preventive Maintenance Plan Industrial Insulation Fundamentals of Thermal Insulation Design Theory Insulation Materials Insulation Selection Insulation Thickness Determination Insulation Economics Use of Alternative Energy Solar Energy Wind Energy Biomass Energy Emerging Technologies Indoor Air Quality Introduction: Why IAQ Is Important to CEMs IAQ Fundamentals The Energy Management / IAQ Balance Summary & Conclusions Topics for Additional Study Electric & Gas Utility Rates for Commercial & Industrial Consumers Utility Costs Rate Structures Innovative Rate Type Calculation of a Monthly Bill Conducting a Load Study Effects of Deregulation on Customer Rates Thermal Energy Storage Storage Systems Storage Mediums System Capacity Economic Summary Codes, Standards and Legislation The American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of 2009 The Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007 The Energy Policy Act of 2005 The Energy Policy Act of 1992 National Energy Conservation Policy Act of 1978 ISO 50001 Energy Management Standard Codes & Standards Measurement & Verification Natural Gas Purchasing Preface Natural Gas as a Fuel Buying Natural Gas New Frontiers for the Gas Industry Control Systems Why Automate Control? Why Optimization? Technology Classifications Control Modes Input/Output Devices Valves & Dampers Instrument Accuracy, Repeatability & Drift Basic Control Block Diagrams Key Fundamentals of Successfully Applied Automatic Controls Expected Life of Control Equipment Control Applications for Saving Energy Basic Energy-Saving Control Applications Advanced Energy-Saving Control Applications Facilities Operations Control Applications Control System Application Pitfalls to Avoid Costs & Benefits of Automatic Control Estimating Savings from Applied Automatic Control Sustainability & High Performance Green Buildings Sustainability Concepts Historican Review LEED(TM) Energy Star(R) Portfolio Manager ASHRAE Green Guide ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides / AEDG ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2009 for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings The Green Building Initiative & Green Globes Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Electric Deregulation An Historical Perspective of the Electric Power Industry The Transmission System & FERC's Role in Promoting Competition in Wholesale Power Stranded Costs Status of State Electric Industry Restructuring Activity Trading Energy: Marketers & Brokers The Impact of Retail Wheeling The Ten-Step Program to Successful Utility Deregulation Pricing Options for Electric Supply Aggregation In-House vs. Outsourcing Energy Services Financing and Performance Contracting Financial Arrangements: A Simple Example Financial Arrangements: Details & Terminology Applying Financial Arrangements: A Case Study "Pros" & "Cons" of Each Financial Arrangement Other Considerations for Performance Contracting Host & ESCO Strategies: Both Sides of the Story Commissioning Commissioning for Energy Management Commissioning Definitions *Commissioning Measures Commissioning New Buildings for Energy Management Commissioning Process in Existing Buildings Ensuring Optimum Building Performance Measurement & Verification of Energy Savings History of M&V Performance Contracts Overview of Measurement & Verification Methods M&V Methods: Existing Buildings Cost/Benefit of M&V System Considerations in Applying M&V

Energy Management Handbook

This new International Version includes all material covered in the standard eighth edition, but numerical data and calculations are expressed in Systeme International (SI) units. Completely revised, this latest edition includes new chapters on electrical systems; motors and drives; commissioning; and human behavior and facility energy management. Also updated are chapters on lighting, HVAC systems, web-based building automation, control systems, green buildings, and greenhouse gas management. Written by respected professionals, this book examines objectives of energy management and illustrates techniques proven effective for achieving results.

Guide to Energy Management: International Version

This book presents an overview on energy management. Chapters include energy management systems; energy audits; economic evaluation; energy bills; lighting; HVAC systems; industrial wastes; steam generation; control systems; maintenance; insulation; process energy management; and renewable resources and water management. Individual chapters were processed separately for the databases.

Guide to energy management

I. HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVE OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING. 1. History of Engineering and Development of Industrial Engineering. 2. Industrial and Systems Engineering. II. INDUSTRIAL AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING METHODOLOGIES. 3. Manufacturing Engineering. 4. Facilities Location and Layout. 5. Material Handling, Distribution, and Routing. 6. Work Design and Organizational Performance -- Work Measurement. 7. Operations Planning and Control. 8. Quality Control. 9. Financial Compensation. 10. CAD/CAM, Robotics, and Automation. 11. Human Factors. 12. Resource Management. 13. Financial Management and Engineering Economy. 14. Deterministic Operations Research. 15. Probabilistic Models. 16. Simulation. 17. Project Management. III. INTEGRATED SYSTEMS DESIGN. 18. Systems Concepts. 19. Management Systems Design. 20. Computers and Information Systems. 21. Personnel Management. APPENDICES. A. Probability and Statistics. B. Tables. Index.

Introduction to Industrial and Systems Engineering

Energy users such as industrial production plants, public service entities, hospitals, universities, and others may desire to upgrade their energy system, often including such things as HVAC, lighting, furnaces, cooling towers, etc. These energy users are referred to as “clients.” “Performance contracts” provide a unique financial arrangement between a “client” and an energy service company (ESCO) that allows the client to replace its aged and inefficient equipment and upgrade its energy system, while investing relatively little money. With a performance contract, the client can get significant energy savings and assume little risk. The ESCO takes the responsibility of leasing / purchasing the system from the manufacturer / vendor, installing the equipment, and ensuring maintenance, for which they are paid a portion of the client's energy savings/revenues throughout the contract. As such, the performance contract presents a win-win strategy for all parties involved, including the client, the ESCO...

Wayne Turner

Papers

Energy Management Handbook

Guide to Energy Management: International Version

Guide to energy management

Introduction to Industrial and Systems Engineering

A Win-Win Strategy to Energy Financing Challenges—Performance Contracts