Checkpoint immunotherapy that inhibits tumour immune evasion has demonstrated significant clinical success. However, the therapeutic response is limited to certain patient populations, and immunotoxicity as well as autoimmunity have compromised the therapeutic benefits. Here, we report on an inherently therapeutic fucoidan–dextran-based magnetic nanomedicine (IO@FuDex3) conjugated with a checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-L1) and T-cell activators (anti-CD3 and anti-CD28). IO@FuDex3 can repair the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment by reinvigorating tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, while targeting the nanomedicine via magnetic navigation to the tumour to minimize off-target effects. Treatment that combines IO@FuDex3 and magnetic navigation reduces the occurrence of adverse events and extends the median survival from 32 to 63 days with less than 1 per cent dose compared with soluble anti-PD-L1. Thus, we demonstrate the potential of integrating anti-PD-L1 and T-cell activators as a form of inherently therapeutic nanomedicine to augment the therapeutic index of combination checkpoint immunotherapy. Magnetic fucoidan-based nanoparticles conjugated with T-cell activators and checkpoint inhibitors can be directed to tumours via magnetic navigation for improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing systemic side effects.

Combination of fucoidan-based magnetic nanoparticles and immunomodulators enhances tumour-localized immunotherapy.

In this paper, the magnetic gearing principle is extended to the flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) motor for its armature winding configuration design. First, the no-load flux density in motor air gap is qualitatively analytically calculated using the equivalent magnetic circuit method, so that the predominant space harmonic components (PSHCs) can be separated. Then, the slot vector graph can be drawn according to the pole-pair numbers and rotation directions of these PSHCs. Consequently, the armature winding configuration of a 12/10-pole FSPM motor is designed based on the slot vector graph using the conventional motor design method. In addition, two new 12/7-pole FSPM motors with the conventional non-overlapping concentrated and distributed winding are proposed, and the electromagnetic performances of the three motors are analyzed and compared. Finally, the analytical results are verified by the finite-element analysis and experimentation.

Comparison of Flux-Switching PM Motors With Different Winding Configurations Using Magnetic Gearing Principle

Permanent magnets (PMs) have been widely used in different types of electrical machines to improve their performance. This article introduces a novel multi-tooth hybrid-excited switched reluctance motor (MT-HESRM) with PMs placed between the end teeth of the adjacent modules. Thanks to the innovative method of embedding PMs, a unique design is developed. First, the operating principle of the motor is explained, and the magnetic circuit model of the motor is analyzed. The magnetic characteristics in terms of flux density, flux linkage, inductance, and torque are obtained and compared with those of its PM-less counterpart. The mathematical model of the reluctance and PM torques is presented. The reluctance and PM torques are decoupled using the finite-element analysis, and the torque contribution of the PMs is discussed. The steady-state operations of both motors with both current chopping and single-pulse controls are analyzed and compared under different speeds. Finally, both motors are manufactured, the laboratory tests are done, and the experimental results are extracted. Both the simulation and test results elucidate that the MT-HESRM, which has only three small PMs as auxiliary flux sources, has unique features in terms of high output power and torque with a negligible cogging torque.

An Innovative Hybrid-Excited Multi-Tooth Switched Reluctance Motor for Torque Enhancement

In this paper, the end effects of a partitioned stator flux reversal permanent magnet (PM) machine with a surface-mounted PM (SPM) inner stator and a consequent pole PM (CPM) inner stator are comparatively analyzed. It is found that due to higher saturated inner stator steel in a CPM machine, it suffers from larger end effect than the SPM machine. Influence of armature reaction on end effect is investigated by a finite-element (FE) analysis, together with that of aspect ratio, i.e., axial stack length to stator outer diameter. Furthermore, it is found that in the CPM machine, the optimal PM arcs for the highest average electromagnetic torque predicted by 2-D and 3-D FE are different due to the variation of end effect with PM arc. Prototypes with both SPM and CPM inner stators are built and tested to verify the FE analysis.

Comparative Analysis of End Effect in Partitioned Stator Flux Reversal Machines Having Surface-Mounted and Consequent Pole Permanent Magnets

In this paper, a new E-core hybrid reluctance motor (HRM) is proposed with permanent magnets (PMs), placed inside stator common poles. This motor is a 2-phase 12/16 HRM, which is characterized by a stator composed of four E-cores and a rotor with the same configuration of switched reluctance motors. The three poles of each E-core are identified as a common pole in the middle with no windings and two excitation poles in the sides with concentric windings. The windings of the excitation poles are wound such that both phases generate flux in the same direction as the PMs flux, so the demagnetization problem of the PMs is solved. The proposed motor is analyzed, and in order to illustrate the features and improvements, it is compared with two other well-established HRMs of the same size based on the simulation results obtained from the finite element analysis method. Moreover, some parameters like average torque, output power, and efficiency are compared, and it is illustrated that the proposed motor has better specifications compared to the other two. Finally, to verify the accurate design and operation of the proposed motor, its experimental verification is performed.

E-Core Hybrid Reluctance Motor With Permanent Magnets Inside Stator Common Poles

This paper presents a novel double salient motor design in which the permanent magnets are implanted in the stator to provide additional magnetic flux sources for enhancing its performance and reducing the inherent cogging torque. The feasible cones method is adopted to calculate the dimensional sizes of the proposed short flux path motor. The assembled stators concept is employed to design the magnetic flux paths of the double salient permanent magnet (DSPM) motor and also transfer the heat generated by the windings outside the motor. Due to the nonlinear properties of the doubly salient structure, this paper utilizes both magnetic circuit analysis and finite element analysis to evaluate different operating characteristics of the designed DSPM motor. Experimental data are provided to verify the proposed design.

Wei-Hsiu Tai

Papers

Novel Stator Design of Double Salient Permanent Magnet Motor