The questionnaires from the field were received, checked and stored by the data processing personnel. They checked: 1. The completeness of the questionnaires 2. The correct bubbling 3. The correct number of questionnaires per household, if total males + total females > 8 as the questionnaire ONLY accommodated maximum of 8 household members. 4. The reference number appears in all the 10 pages of the questionnaires.

Population and Housing Census

Influence of local environmental, social, economic and political variables on the spatial distribution of residential solar PV arrays across the United States

Design of high-performance water-in-glass evacuated tube solar water heaters by a high-throughput screening based on machine learning: A combined modeling and experimental study

A significant share of final energy consumption in the industrial sector is used for meeting the process heating applications at low and medium temperatures (up to 250 °C). Solar industrial process heating is being considered as one of clean and renewable energy options in many countries of the world. An attempt to present a review of the available published literature on solar industrial process heating has been made in this paper. The aspects included in the review are utilization potential, present status, suitable solar collectors, design and integration aspects, performance evaluation, economic and environmental assessment, barriers to large scale adoption and case studies etc.

Solar industrial process heating: A review

Global advancement on experimental and thermal analysis of evacuated tube collector with and without heat pipe systems and possible applications

Outlook for solar water heaters in Taiwan

Subsidy programs on diffusion of solar water heaters: Taiwan's experience

To develop indigenous alternative and renewable energy resources, long-term subsidy programs (1986–1991 and 2000–present) for solar water heaters have been enforced in Taiwan. By the end of 2010, the total installed area of solar collectors had exceeded 2 million square meters. However, over 98% of solar water heaters were used in residential systems for hot water production, with the areas of installed solar collector being less than 10 square meters. There were only 98 systems with area of solar collectors installed exceeding 100 square meters put into operation from 2001 to 2010. These systems were mainly installed for water heating in dormitories, swimming pools, restaurants, and manufacturing plants. In the present study, a comprehensive survey of these large-scale solar water heaters was conducted. The objectives of the survey were to assess the system performance and to collect feedback from individual users. It is found that lack of experience in system design and maintenance are the key factors affecting reliable operation of a system. Hourly, daily and long-term field measurements of a dormitory system were also examined to evaluate its thermal efficiencies. Results indicated that thermal efficiency of the system is associated with the daily solar radiation. Hot water use pattern and operation of auxiliary heater should be taken into account in system design.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/5/2/258/pdf

Field Surveys of Non-Residential Solar Water Heating Systems in Taiwan

A lesson learned from the long-term subsidy program for solar water heaters in Taiwan

Global concern over a looming energy crisis, water scarcity and man-made climate change are driving a huge demand for clean technologies, which focus on preserving the earth’s resources. In South Africa, the economy is very energy-intensive with coal being the main national energy supply. In view of the growing depletion of fossil fuel, it is important for South Africa to adopt a more sustainable energy mix. This study examines the potential for widespread dissemination of solar water heaters (SWHs) in South Africa. Barriers and constraints to market expansion are analyzed to determine strategies for overcoming these barriers. It is found that payback period of a SWH is shorter than the life-span of the system itself, indicating that SWHs are economically viable even with low production cost of electricity and thus represent a profitable investment proposition for end users, manufacturers and distributors. However, the subsidy programs offered by the government of South Africa may not be sufficient to facilitate diffusion. This is attributed to the high initial capital cost of the system and low affordability of the majority of the South Africa population with low income. Alternative financing mechanisms are required.

/pdf/dissemination-of-solar-water-heaters-in-south-africa-29fpdouhc5.pdf

Wei Min Lin

Papers

Outlook for solar water heaters in Taiwan

Subsidy programs on diffusion of solar water heaters: Taiwan's experience

Field Surveys of Non-Residential Solar Water Heating Systems in Taiwan

A lesson learned from the long-term subsidy program for solar water heaters in Taiwan

Dissemination of solar water heaters in South Africa