As new fabrication and integration technologies reduce the cost and size of micro-sensors and wireless interfaces, it becomes feasible to deploy densely distributed wireless networks of sensors and actuators. These systems promise to revolutionize biological, earth, and environmental monitoring applications, providing data at granularities unrealizable by other means. In addition to the challenges of miniaturization, new system architectures and new network algorithms must be developed to transform the vast quantity of raw sensor data into a manageable stream of high-level data. To address this, we propose a tiered system architecture in which data collected at numerous, inexpensive sensor nodes is filtered by local processing on its way through to larger, more capable and more expensive nodes.We briefly describe Habitat monitoring as our motivating application and introduce initial system building blocks designed to support this application. The remainder of the paper presents details of our experimental platform.

Habitat monitoring: Application driver for wireless communications technology

Review: Classical and swarm intelligence based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks: A survey and comparison

Review: Vehicular communication ad hoc routing protocols: A survey

In recent years, industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) have emerged as an important research theme with applications spanning a wide range of industries including automation, monitoring, process control, feedback systems, and automotive. Wide scope of IWSNs applications ranging from small production units, large oil and gas industries to nuclear fission control, enables a fast-paced research in this field. Though IWSNs offer advantages of low cost, flexibility, scalability, self-healing, easy deployment, and reformation, yet they pose certain limitations on available potential and introduce challenges on multiple fronts due to their susceptibility to highly complex and uncertain industrial environments. In this paper, a detailed discussion on design objectives, challenges, and solutions, for IWSNs, are presented. A careful evaluation of industrial systems, deadlines, and possible hazards in industrial atmosphere are discussed. This paper also presents a thorough review of the existing standards and industrial protocols and gives a critical evaluation of potential of these standards and protocols along with a detailed discussion on available hardware platforms, specific industrial energy harvesting techniques and their capabilities. This paper lists main service providers for IWSNs solutions and gives insight of future trends and research gaps in the field of IWSNs.

/pdf/a-critical-analysis-of-research-potential-challenges-and-14no6a3bs7.pdf

A Critical Analysis of Research Potential, Challenges, and Future Directives in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are an emerging field, whereby vehicle-to-vehicle communications can enable many new applications such as safety and entertainment services. Most VANET applications are enabled by different routing protocols. The design of such routing protocols, however, is quite challenging due to the dynamic nature of nodes (vehicles) in VANETs. To exploit the unique characteristics of VANET nodes, we design a moving-zone based architecture in which vehicles collaborate with one another to form dynamic moving zones so as to facilitate information dissemination. We propose a novel approach that introduces moving object modeling and indexing techniques from the theory of large moving object databases into the design of VANET routing protocols. The results of extensive simulation studies carried out on real road maps demonstrate the superiority of our approach compared with both clustering and non-clustering based routing protocols.

MoZo: A Moving Zone Based Routing Protocol Using Pure V2V Communication in VANETs

With the development of vehicles and mobile Ad Hoc network technology, the Vehicle Ad hoc Network (VANET) has become an emerging field of study It is a challenging problem for searching and maintaining an effective route for transporting some data information In this paper the authors designed a new routing protocol for VANET based on the former results, called CBR (Cluster Based Routing) Compared with other routing protocols, the new one has obvious improvement in the average routing overhead and small average end to end delay jitter with the increase of vehicles number The real-time traffic applications require data transmission delay time to be relatively stable, small average end to end delay jitter with the increase of vehicles number just meets the real-time application needs

A New Cluster Based Routing Protocol for VANET

In this paper, we propose GROUP, a grid-clustering routing protocol that provides scalable and efficient packet routing for large-scale wireless sensor networks. The sink proactively, dynamically and randomly builds a cluster grid structure in GROUP. Only small part of all sensor nodes will participate in election of cluster heads. GROUP can distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network, and provide in-network processing support to reduce the amount of information that must be transmitted to the sink. We have evaluated the performance of GROUP through simulation experiments. The results of simulations show that GROUP is an energy-efficient and scalable routing protocol for large-scale wireless sensor networks

GROUP: A Grid-Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks.

This paper proposes a routing protocol for the applications of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). It is a protocol based on the PEGASIS protocol but using an improved ant colony algorithm rather than the greedy algorithm to construct the chain. Compared with the original PEGASIS, this one, PEG-ant, can achieve a global optimization. It forms a chain that makes the path more even-distributed and the total square of transmission distance much less. Moreover, in the constructing process, the energy factor has been taken into account, which brings about a balance of energy consumption between nodes. In each round of transmission, according to the current energy of each node, a leader is selected to directly communicate with the base station (BS). Simulation results have show that the proposed protocol significantly prolongs the network lifetime.

PEGASIS Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network Based on an Improved Ant Colony Algorithm

Placing few heterogeneous nodes in wireless sensor network is an effective way to increase network lifetime and reliability. In this paper, we address the deployment problem of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. We present an algorithm to decide how many and where heterogeneous nodes should be deployed in the wireless sensor network The core algorithm, based on the locations of all sensor nodes, can optimize placement of heterogeneous nodes in an arbitrary sensor network. Finally, the evaluation results of this algorithm are shown in this paper.

Deploying a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

This paper proposes a comprehensive routing protocol (CRP) based on the ant colony algorithm for the applications of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). It is a protocol taking both the lifetime of network and the arrival rate of data packet into account. In CRP, multiple paths are found between source and destination, and sub-optimal paths are used occasionally referring to the probabilistic forwarding table to provide substantial gains. To ascertain the probability of the candidate node to be chosen as the next forwarding one, these factors such as the remained energy of the node, the square of distance between it and the current node, and the strength of pheromone on this branch are considered to balance the energy consumption between nodes. Moreover, to guarantee the success of message transmission, the reputation of nodes on the routing path is critical. Therefore, the frequency a node acting as a router which represents its reputation is also considered as one of the decision factors. Simulation results have shown that the proposed protocol not only prolongs the network lifetime, but also decreases the packet loss rate.

Wei Zhang

Papers

A New Cluster Based Routing Protocol for VANET

GROUP: A Grid-Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks.

PEGASIS Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network Based on an Improved Ant Colony Algorithm

Deploying a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

A Comprehensive Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network Based on Ant Colony Algorithm