Structure–function relationships of immunostimulatory polysaccharides: A review

Anticancer polysaccharides from natural resources: A review of recent research

It is widely acknowledged that the excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) induced oxidative stress will cause significant damage to cell structure and biomolecular function, directly or indirectly leading to a number of diseases The overproduction of ROS/RNS will be balanced by nonenzymatic antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes Polysaccharide or glycoconjugates derived from natural products are of considerable interest from the viewpoint of potent in vivo and in vitro antioxidant activities recently Particularly, with regard to the in vitro antioxidant systems, polysaccharides are considered as effective free radical scavenger, reducing agent, and ferrous chelator in most of the reports However, the underlying mechanisms of these antioxidant actions have not been illustrated systematically and sometimes controversial results appeared among various literatures To address this issue, we summarized the latest discoveries and advancements in the study of antioxidative polysaccharides and gave a detailed description of the possible mechanisms

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Reviews on Mechanisms of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides

A critical review on production and industrial applications of beta-glucans

An entomopathogenic fungus, Cordyceps sp. has been known to have numerous pharmacological and therapeutic implications, especially, in terms of human health making it a suitable candidate for ethno-pharmacological use. Main constituent of the extract derived from this fungus comprises a novel bio-metabolite called as Cordycepin (3'deoxyadenosine) which has a very potent anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The current review discusses about the broad spectrum potential of Cordycepin including biological and pharmacological actions in immunological, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular systems as well as an anti-cancer agent. The article also reviews the current efforts to delineate the mechanism of action of Cordycepin in various bio-molecular processes. The study will certainly draw the attention of scientific community to improve the bioactivity and production of Cordycepin for its commercial use in pharmacological and medical fields.

/pdf/pharmacological-and-therapeutic-potential-of-cordyceps-with-3nvqrrg5l9.pdf

Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of Cordyceps with special reference to Cordycepin

Recent advances in Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharides: Mycelial fermentation, isolation, structure, and bioactivities: A review.

Physiochemical properties and antitumor activities of two α-glucans isolated from hot water and alkaline extracts of Cordyceps (Cs-HK1) fungal mycelia

EPS-1 was an exopolysaccharide produced by the medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis (Cs-HK1). In the present study, EPS-1 was sulfated with chlorosulfonic acid (CSA)-pyridine (Pyr) at different volume ratios, yielding four sulfated derivatives, SEPS-1A, B, C and D, with different degrees of substitution (DS: 0.25-1.38) and molecular weights (17.1-4.1 kDa). The sulfation of EPS-1 occurred most frequently at the C-6 hydroxyl groups due to their higher reactivity. In aqueous solution, the native EPS-1 formed random coils or aggregated networks, but the sulfated derivatives formed single helices. The antioxidant activities of the sulfated EPS-1 derivatives for scavenging hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and 2,2-azinobis-3-ehtylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid radicals (ABTS•+) were significantly increased with increasing DS and decreasing molecular weight (MW). Sulfation has thus been shown to be an effective and favorable strategy for improving the physico-chemical properties and bioactivities of fungal polysaccharides.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/18/1/167/pdf

Sulfation and enhanced antioxidant capacity of an exopolysaccharide produced by the medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis.

An antioxidative galactomannan-protein complex isolated from fermentation broth of a medicinal fungus Cs-HK1.

Gut bacteria exert effects on the health and fitness of their insect hosts. Grasshoppers are an important part of the grassland ecosystem and provide important ecosystem services. As the most valuable feature in grassland ecosystem, the compositions and potential influences of gut bacterial in herbivorous grasshoppers in the same ecological environment are essential but undetermined. To facilitate such studies, we collected nine species of grasshoppers (n = 110) from a rebuild grassland on the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi, China, which is a representative area of ecosystem restoration model. We characterized the composition and function of the gut bacteria. We found that 326 OTUs were exhibited in all grasshoppers in which Enterobacter, Pantoea, Bacillus, and Spiroplsma are dominant. Among them, 18 OTUs were shared across all nine species of grasshoppers. The predicted function showed that the majority function of those OTUs were involved in survival dependent processes including membrane transport, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and DNA replication and repair. The composition of gut bacteria is specific to each grasshopper species, and the bacteria community is most various in Trilophidia annulata. These results highlight the gut bacterial community diversity in different grasshopper species. Our findings are necessary for better understanding the relationships between this important herbivorous insect and their microbiomes and have the potential contribution of evaluating the revegetation and ecosystem management in this area.

Wen-Qiang Wang

Papers

Recent advances in Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharides: Mycelial fermentation, isolation, structure, and bioactivities: A review.

Physiochemical properties and antitumor activities of two α-glucans isolated from hot water and alkaline extracts of Cordyceps (Cs-HK1) fungal mycelia

Sulfation and enhanced antioxidant capacity of an exopolysaccharide produced by the medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis.

An antioxidative galactomannan-protein complex isolated from fermentation broth of a medicinal fungus Cs-HK1.

The Comparison of Gut Bacteria Communities and the Functions Among the Sympatric Grasshopper Species From the Loess Plateau