Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

Background Antiretroviral therapy that reduces viral replication could limit the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in serodiscordant couples. Methods In nine countries, we...

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Prevention of HIV-1 Infection with Early Antiretroviral Therapy

The study subjects were followed for 3324 person-years (median, 1.2 years; maximum, 2.8 years). Of these subjects, 10 were found to have been infected with HIV at en rollment, and 100 became infected during follow-up (36 in the FTC–TDF group and 64 in the placebo group), indicating a 44% reduction in the incidence of HIV (95% confidence interval, 15 to 63; P = 0.005). In the FTC–TDF group, the study drug was detected in 22 of 43 of seronegative subjects (51%) and in 3 of 34 HIV-infected subjects (9%) (P<0.001). Nausea was reported more frequently during the first 4 weeks in the FTC–TDF group than in the placebo group (P<0.001). The two groups had similar rates of serious adverse events (P = 0.57). Conclusions Oral FTC–TDF provided protection against the acquisition of HIV infection among the subjects. Detectable blood levels strongly correlated with the prophylactic effect. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foun dation; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00458393.)

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Preexposure Chemoprophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Men Who Have Sex with Men

Introduction 
The use of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced HIV-1 associated morbidity and mortality. However, HIV-1 infected individuals have increased rates of morbidity and mortality compared to the non-HIV-1 infected population and this appears to be related to end-organ diseases collectively referred to as Serious Non-AIDS Events (SNAEs). Circulating miRNAs are reported as promising biomarkers for a number of human disease conditions including those that constitute SNAEs. Our study sought to investigate the potential of selected miRNAs in predicting mortality in HIV-1 infected ART treated individuals.


Materials and Methods 
A set of miRNAs was chosen based on published associations with human disease conditions that constitute SNAEs. This case: control study compared 126 cases (individuals who died whilst on therapy), and 247 matched controls (individuals who remained alive). Cases and controls were ART treated participants of two pivotal HIV-1 trials. The relative abundance of each miRNA in serum was measured, by RTqPCR. Associations with mortality (all-cause, cardiovascular and malignancy) were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Correlations between miRNAs and CD4+ T cell count, hs-CRP, IL-6 and D-dimer were also assessed.


Results 
None of the selected miRNAs was associated with all-cause, cardiovascular or malignancy mortality. The levels of three miRNAs (miRs -21, -122 and -200a) correlated with IL-6 while miR-21 also correlated with D-dimer. Additionally, the abundance of miRs -31, -150 and -223, correlated with baseline CD4+ T cell count while the same three miRNAs plus miR-145 correlated with nadir CD4+ T cell count.


Discussion 
No associations with mortality were found with any circulating miRNA studied. These results cast doubt onto the effectiveness of circulating miRNA as early predictors of mortality or the major underlying diseases that contribute to mortality in participants treated for HIV-1 infection.

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Circulating microRNAs in sera correlate with soluble biomarkers of immune activation but do not predict mortality in ART treated individuals with HIV-1 infection : a case control study

Background Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis is a promising approach for preventing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in heterosexual populations. Methods We conducted a randomized trial of oral antiretroviral therapy for use as preexposure prophylaxis among HIV-1–serodiscordant heterosexual couples from Kenya and Uganda. The HIV-1–seronegative partner in each couple was randomly assigned to one of three study regimens — once-daily tenofovir (TDF), combination tenofovir–emtricitabine (TDF–FTC), or matching placebo — and followed monthly for up to 36 months. At enrollment, the HIV-1–seropositive partners were not eligible for antiretroviral therapy, according to national guidelines. All couples received standard HIV-1 treatment and prevention services. Results We enrolled 4758 couples, of whom 4747 were followed: 1584 randomly assigned to TDF, 1579 to TDF–FTC, and 1584 to placebo. For 62% of the couples followed, the HIV-1–seronegative partner was male. Among HIV-1–seropositive par...

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Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women.

We missed two important authors on this manuscript. As per below. Current author list is: Marco Beccaria1,2,9, Carly Bobak3,9, Boitumelo Maitshotlo4, Theodore R Mellors1, Giorgia Purcaro1,5, Flavio A Franchina1,6, Christiaan A Rees3, Mavra Nasir3, Andrew Black7,8 and Jane E Hill1,3 1Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States of America 2KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven B-3000, Belgium 3Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States of America 4Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Hillbrow, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa 5Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium 6Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, 4000 Liège (Sart-Tilman), Belgium 7Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa 8Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa 9These authors contributed equally in this manuscript. Please add in the following—(all changes highlighted) Marco Beccaria1,2,10, Carly Bobak3,10, Boitumelo Maitshotlo4, Theodore R Mellors1, Giorgia Purcaro1,5, Flavio A Franchina1,6, Christiaan A Rees3, Mavra Nasir3, Wendy S Stevens8, Lesley E Scott8, Andrew Black7,9 and Jane E Hill1,3 1Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States of America 2KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven B-3000, Belgium 3Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States of America 4Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Hillbrow, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa 5Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium 6Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, 4000 Liège (Sart-Tilman), Belgium 7Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa 8Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa 9Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa 10These authors contributed equally in thismanuscript.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1752-7163/ac45ee/pdf

Corrigendum: Exhaled human breath analysis in active pulmonary tuberculosis diagnostics by comprehensive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric techniques (2019 J. Breath Res. 13 016005)

Wendy S. Stevens

Papers

Corrigendum: Exhaled human breath analysis in active pulmonary tuberculosis diagnostics by comprehensive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric techniques (2019 J. Breath Res. 13 016005)