Willard B. Gatewood

TL;DR: Racism: A Short History By George M Fredrickson (Princeton: Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002) as mentioned in this paper focuses on the evolution of the two most virulent forms of racism, anti-Semitism and color-coded white supremacy, that came to fullest fruition in the "overtly racist regimes" that emerged in the American South, Nazi Germany, and South Africa.

TL;DR: In the Spanish-American War, black troops were called Smoked Yankees by the Spaniards and served in the Philippines and Cuba as discussed by the authors to improve their status at home by fighting for the white man in the Spanish American War.