OBJECTIVE: While considerable attention has focused on improving the detection of depression, assessment of severity is also important in guiding treatment decisions. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief, new measure of depression severity.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x

The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

A hypothesized need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships is evaluated in light of the empirical literature. The need is for frequent, nonaversive interactions within an ongoing relational bond. Consistent with the belongingness hypothesis, people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds. Belongingness appears to have multiple and strong effects on emotional patterns and on cognitive processes. Lack of attachments is linked to a variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and well-being. Other evidence, such as that concerning satiation, substitution, and behavioral consequences, is likewise consistent with the hypothesized motivation. Several seeming counterexamples turned out not to disconfirm the hypothesis. Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation.

The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.

We developed a multidimensional coping inventory to assess the different ways in which people respond to stress. Five scales (of four items each) measure conceptually distinct aspects of problem-focused coping (active coping, planning, suppression of competing activities, restraint coping, seeking of instrumental social support); five scales measure aspects of what might be viewed as emotional-focused coping (seeking of emotional social support, positive reinterpretation, acceptance, denial, turning to religion); and three scales measure coping responses that arguably are less useful (focus on and venting of emotions, behavioral disengagement, mental disengagement). Study 1 reports the development of scale items. Study 2 reports correlations between the various coping scales and several theoretically relevant personality measures in an effort to provide preliminary information about the inventory's convergent and discriminant validity. Study 3 uses the inventory to assess coping responses among a group of undergraduates who were attempting to cope with a specific stressful episode. This study also allowed an initial examination of associations between dispositional and situational coping tendencies.

Assessing Coping Strategies: A Theoretically Based Approach

Attachment--and loss.

and treatable mental disorders presenting in general medical as well as specialty settings. There are a number of case-finding instruments for detecting depression in primary care, ranging from 2 to 28 items.1,2 Typically these can be scored as continuous measures of depression severity and also have established cutpoints above which the probability of major depression is substantially increased. Scores on these various measures tend to be highly correlated3, with little evidence that one measure is superior to any other.1,2,4

The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure

R.S. Weiss, Foreword. Part I: Introduction. W.H. Berman, M.B. Sperling, The Structure and Function of Adult Attachment. Part II: Conceptual and Methodological Applications. J.C. Rothbard, P.R. Shaver, Continuity of Attachment Across the Life Span. D. Diamond, S.J. Blatt, Internal Working Models and the Representational World in Attachment and Psychoanalytic Theories. M. Reite, M.L. Boccia, Physiological Aspects of Adult Attachment. J.A. Feeney, P. Noller, M. Hanrahan, Assessing Adult Attachment. Part III: Life?Span Developmental Applications J. Batgos, B.J. Leadbeater, Parental Attachment, Peer Relationships, and Dysphoria in Adolescence. C.G. Hindy, J. Conrad Schwarz, Anxious Romantic Attachment in Adult Relationships. W.H. Berman, L. Marcus, E. Raynes Berman, Attachment in Marital Relations. M.J. Levitt, S. Coffman, N. Guacci?Franco, S. C. Loveless, Attachment Relationships and Life Transitions: An Expectancy Model. T. C. Antonucci, Attachment in Adulthood and Aging. Part IV: Clinically Applications. K. S. Adam, Suicidal Behavior and Attachment: A Developmental Model. G. Parker, Parental Bonding and Depressive Disorders. M. West, A. Keller, Psychotherapy Strategies for Insecure Attachment in Personality Disorders. M.B. Sperling, L. Lyons, Representations of Attachment and Psychotherapeutic Change. Index.

Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives.

Background Primary care treatment of depression needs improvement. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of 2 augmentations to antidepressant drug treatment. Design Randomized trial comparing usual care, telehealth care, and telehealth care plus peer support; assessments were conducted at baseline, 6 weeks, and 6 months. Setting Two managed care adult primary care clinics. Participants A total of 302 patients starting antidepressant drug therapy. Interventions For telehealth care: emotional support and focused behavioral interventions in ten 6-minute calls during 4 months by primary care nurses; and for peer support: telephone and in-person supportive contacts by trained health plan members recovered from depression. Main outcome measures For depression: the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory; and for mental and physical functioning: the SF-12 Mental and Physical Composite Scales and treatment satisfaction. Results Nurse-based telehealth patients with or without peer support more often experienced 50% improvement on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale at 6 weeks (50% vs 37%; P =.01) and 6 months (57% vs 38%; P =.003) and on the Beck Depression Inventory at 6 months (48% vs 37%; P =. 05) and greater quantitative reduction in symptom scores on the Hamilton scale at 6 months (10.38 vs 8.12; P =.006). Telehealth care improved mental functioning at 6 weeks (47.07 vs 42.64; P =.004) and treatment satisfaction at 6 weeks (4.41 vs 4.17; P =.004) and 6 months (4.20 vs 3.94; P =.001). Adding peer support to telehealth care did not improve the primary outcomes. Conclusion Nurse telehealth care improves clinical outcomes of antidepressant drug treatment and patient satisfaction and fits well within busy primary care settings.

Efficacy of nurse telehealth care and peer support in augmenting treatment of depression in primary care.

Noninvasive pulsed Doppler determination of cardiac output in neonates and children

Over a 10-month period, 33 patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) were evaluated with the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) simultaneously and independently by two experienced and two inexperienced raters. The experienced raters generally had higher levels of agreement and their scores were

Assessment of tardive dyskinesia using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale.

Theoretical and Methodological Issues in the Study of Therapeutic Change. Methods for Assessing Therapeutic Change in Clinical Case Reports. Methods for Assessing Therapeutic Change in Psychological Test Records. Therapeutic Change on the Rorschach and in Clinical Case Records. Therapeutic Change on the Thematic Apperception Test. Therapeutic Change on Human Figure Drawings. Configurations of Therapeutic Change. Illustrative Clinical Cases. The Prediction of Therapeutic Change. Conclusions. Index.

William H. Berman

Papers

Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives.

Efficacy of nurse telehealth care and peer support in augmenting treatment of depression in primary care.

Noninvasive pulsed Doppler determination of cardiac output in neonates and children

Assessment of tardive dyskinesia using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale.

Therapeutic Change: An Object Relations Perspective