1 Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum (Review) Copyright © 2017 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Main results We found 11 new studies for this update, resulting in 22 included studies with a total of 1650 participants. The studies examined the effects of topical (20 studies) and systemic interventions (2 studies). Among the new included studies were the full trial reports of three large unpublished studies, brought to our attention by an expert in the field. They all provided moderate-quality evidence for a lack of effect of 5% imiquimod compared to vehicle (placebo) on shortterm clinical cure (4 studies, 850 participants, 12 weeks after start of treatment, risk ratio (RR) 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92 to 1.93), medium-term clinical cure (2 studies, 702 participants, 18 weeks after start of treatment, RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.14), and long-term clinical cure (2 studies, 702 participants, 28 weeks after start of treatment, RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.17). We found similar but more certain results for short-term improvement (4 studies, 850 participants, 12 weeks after start of treatment, RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.47; high-quality evidence). For the outcome ’any adverse effect’, we found high-quality evidence for little or no difference between topical 5% imiquimod and vehicle (3 studies, 827 participants, RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.07), but application site reactions were more frequent in the groups treated with imiquimod (moderate-quality evidence): any application site reaction (3 studies, 827 participants, RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.77, the number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH) was 11); severe application site reaction (3 studies, 827 participants, RR 4.33, 95% CI 1.16 to 16.19, NNTH over 40). For the following 11 comparisons, there was limited evidence to show which treatment was superior in achieving short-term clinical cure (low-quality evidence): 5% imiquimod less effective than cryospray (1 study, 74 participants, RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.78) and 10% potassium hydroxide (2 studies, 67 participants, RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.93); 10% Australian lemon myrtle oil more effective than olive oil (1 study, 31 participants, RR 17.88, 95% CI 1.13 to 282.72); 10% benzoyl peroxide cream more effective than 0.05% tretinoin (1 study, 30 participants, RR 2.20, 95% CI 1.01 to 4.79); 5% sodium nitrite co-applied with 5% salicylic acid more effective than 5% salicylic acid alone (1 study, 30 participants, RR 3.50, 95% CI 1.23 to 9.92); and iodine plus tea tree oil more effective than tea tree oil (1 study, 37 participants, RR 0.20, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.57) or iodine alone (1 study, 37 participants, RR 0.07, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.50). Although there is some uncertainty, 10% potassium hydroxide appears to be more effective than saline (1 study, 20 participants, RR 3.50, 95% CI 0.95 to 12.90); homeopathic calcarea carbonica appears to be more effective than placebo (1 study, 20 participants, RR 5.57, 95% CI 0.93 to 33.54); 2.5% appears to be less effective than 5% solution of potassium hydroxide (1 study, 25 participants, RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.01); and 10% povidone iodine solution plus 50% salicylic acid plaster appears to be more effective than salicylic acid plaster alone (1 study, 30 participants, RR 1.43, 95% CI 0.95 to 2.16). We found no statistically significant differences for other comparisons (most of which addressed two different topical treatments). We found no randomised controlled trial evidence for expressing lesions or topical hydrogen peroxide. Study limitations included no blinding, many dropouts, and no intention-to-treat analysis. Except for the severe application site reactions of imiquimod, none of the evaluated treatments described above were associated with serious adverse effects (low-quality evidence). Among the most common adverse events were pain during application, erythema, and itching. Included studies of the following comparisons did not report adverse effects: calcarea carbonica versus placebo, 10% povidone iodine plus 50% salicylic acid plaster versus salicylic acid plaster, and 10% benzoyl peroxide versus 0.05% tretinoin. We were unable to judge the risk of bias in most studies due to insufficient information, especially regarding concealment of allocation and possible selective reporting. We considered five studies to be at low risk of bias. Authors’ conclusions No single intervention has been shown to be convincingly effective in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum. We found moderatequality evidence that topical 5% imiquimod was no more effective than vehicle in terms of clinical cure, but led to more application site reactions, and high-quality evidence that there was no difference between the treatments in terms of short-term improvement. However, high-quality evidence showed a similar number of general side effects in both groups. As the evidence found did not favour any one treatment, the natural resolution of molluscum contagiosum remains a strong method for dealing with the condition. P L A I N L A N G U A G E S U M M A R Y Treatments for molluscum contagiosum, a common viral skin infection in children Review question 2 Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum (Review) Copyright © 2017 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. We reviewed the evidence for the effect of any treatment on the common viral skin infection molluscum contagiosum. We excluded people with a repressed immune system or sexually transmitted molluscum contagiosum. Background Molluscum contagiosum in healthy people is a self limiting, relatively harmless viral skin infection. It mainly affects children and adolescents and is rare in adults. It occurs worldwide, but seems much more frequent in geographic areas with warm climates. Molluscum contagiosum usually presents as single or multiple pimples filled with an oily substance. People may seek treatment for social and cosmetic reasons and because of concerns about spreading the disease to others. Treatment is intended to speed up the healing process. Study characteristics We searched the literature to July 2016. We included 22 trials (total of 1650 participants). Twenty of the studies evaluated topical treatment, and two studies evaluated treatment taken by mouth (oral). Comparisons included physical therapies, as well as topical and oral treatments. Most studies were set in hospital outpatient or emergency departments, and were performed in North America, the UK, Asia, or South America. Participants were of both sexes and were mainly children or young adults. Follow-up duration varied from 3 to 28 weeks after randomisation. Only five studies had longer than 3 months’ follow-up. Five studies reported commercial funding, three studies obtained medication for free from pharmaceutical companies, 12 studies did not mention the source of funding, one study reported charity funding, and one study reported they had had no financial support. Key results We found that many common treatments for molluscum, such as physical destruction, have not been adequately evaluated. Some of the included treatments are not part of standard practice. We found moderate-quality evidence that topical 5% imiquimod is probably no more effective than vehicle (i.e. the same cream but without imiquimod) in achieving short-, medium-, and long-term clinical cure. High-quality (and thus more certain) evidence showed that topical 5% imiquimod is no better than placebo at improving molluscum up to three months after the start of treatment. High-quality evidence showed that 5% imiquimod differed little or not at all in the number of side effects compared to vehicle. However, moderate-quality evidence suggests that there are probably more application site reactions when using topical 5% imiquimod compared with vehicle. Low-quality evidence, based on one or two mostly small studies, revealed the following results for the outcome short-term clinical cure: 5% imiquimod less effective than cryospray or 10% potassium hydroxide; 10% Australian lemon myrtle oil more effective than olive oil; 10% benzoyl peroxide cream more effective than 0.05% tretinoin; 5% sodium nitrite co-applied with 5% salicylic acid more effective than 5% salicylic acid alone; and iodine plus tea tree oil more effective than tea tree oil or iodine alone. We found more uncertain (low-quality) evidence to suggest that 10% potassium hydroxide is more effective than saline; homeopathic calcarea carbonica is more effective than placebo; 2.5% solution of potassium hydroxide is less effective than 5% solution of potassium hydroxide; and 10% povidone iodine solution and 50% salicylic acid plaster are more effective than salicylic acid plaster alone. Except for the severe application site reactions of imiquimod, none of these treatments led to serious adverse effects (low-quality evidence). Pain during treatment application, redness, and itching were among the most reported adverse effects. We found no differences between the treatments assessed in the other comparisons. We found no randomised trials for several commonly used treatments, such as expressing lesions with an orange stick or topical hydrogen peroxide. Since most lesions resolve within months, unless better evidence for the superiority of active treatments emerges, molluscum contagiosum can be left to heal naturally. Quality of the evidence For topical imiquimod, the quality of the evidence for clinical cure, short-term improvement, and adverse effects was moderate to high. For all other comparisons, the quality of the evidence for short-term clinical cure and adverse effects was low. Common limitations of the included studies were that the numbers of participants were small, the investigators were not blinded, and participants who did not complete the study (numerous in some studies) were not included in the analyses. 3 Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum (Rev

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Description of a Process Evaluation Model for Nutrition Education Computer-Assisted Instruction Programs

This paper reports on a study of the effectiveness of BlockAIDS, a computer-based AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) education game that communicates information from the U.S. Surgeon General's reports on AIDS to adolescents, preadolescents, and young adults. Game response protocols were obtained from 3,000 BlockAIDS players at the Houston Museum of Natural Science, Hall of Health Science. A random sample of 446 players responded to 4 questions about game impacts. The data showed that players gained significantly in knowledge about AIDS during game play. On average the games were played 5 to 6 minutes, during which time responses were made to about 15 questions on AIDS. As a result of playing BlockAIDS, about two-thirds of the players reported that they plan to avoid AIDS risks, know more about AIDS, and feel more comfortable talking about AIDS. Two statistical tables, one providing data about knowledge gains, the other analyzing participant responses, are appended. (Contains 8 references.) (KRN) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Ohrce of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (MCI Th.s document has been reproduced as received from lire person 01 organization Originaring it L.' Minor Changes na,,e been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view a opinions Slated in this doCar ment do nOt neCesSarily represent official OE RI Position or ciohcy Effectiveness of a Computer-Based AIDS Education Game: BlockAIDS Craig W. Johnson University of Texas Houston Health Science Center

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Effectiveness of a Computer-Based AIDS Education Game: BlockAIDS.

..................................................................................... iii HISTORY Beginnings of Conflict. ................................................................. 1 Desire to be Scientific .......................................................... 2 Desire to be Relevant. .......................................................... 6 Consequences of the Success of Psychological Measurement. ...... . ............. 9 Prediction over Explanation .. . ................... . ... .. . . .. ... .. .. . . . . ....... 13 Loss of Experiment Methods ............................... . .... . ........... 14 Gain of Traits and Loss of Situations ....................................... 15 Loss of Precision ............................................................... 17 Consequences of the Problem of Psychological Measurement .................. 17 Scientific Crises ............................................................... 19 Neglect of Measurement ...................................................... 20 Wisdom and Absolutism of Tradition ....................................... 22 Measurement and Theoretical Advances .......... : ................................. 22 Knowledge Accumulation ................................................... . 25 Theoretical Accuracy ......................................................... 26 Disunity ......................................................................... 27 PROMISING APPROACHES Traditional Approaches . . .............................................. . .. . . .. . . ....... 29 Measurement of Personality and Temperament ....................... .. . . ... ... . . . 30 The Big Five ......................................................... . . . . . . . .... 3 1 Cognitive Approaches .... . ............................................... . ............. 31 Behavioral Approaches ................................................................ 33 Computer-Based Approaches ..................................................... . ... 35 Response Latency .............................................................. 37 Human Speech .................................... . ............................ 38 Simulations ..................................................................... 40 DISCUSSION .................................................................................... 43 REFERENCES ................................................................................... 48 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to fondly mention my thesis chair, Dr. Bill Kirk, and give heartfelt thanks and gratitude for his abundance of patience, calm instruction, and willingness to endure with me through the many hardships that arose during the completion of this writing. Without your conviction to guiding me in this project, it may have floundered. Dr. Russell Gruber, thank you for your gentleness, encouragement and support when working with me. Your humor was always uplifting and somehow there at just the right time. Most importantly I want to thank my father, mother, brother, sister and my pets for their unconditional love and faith in me. You have been most intimately aware of my struggles and it is your support, caring and best wishes for me that have given me the impetus to move ahead. I love you all very much. To my husband Bill, thank you. You came through in the last of minutes and helped put the finishing touch on this. Smile! To my close friends and loved ones, thanks for getting the coffee and chocolate out all those late nights and lending your emotional support.

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Current Trends in Psychological Testing

http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/pro/22/5/410.pdf

William J. Fetter

Papers

Microcomputer as teacher/researcher in a nontraditional setting