This article integrates the literature on interorganizational relationships into six generalizable determinants of relationship formation, applies these determinants to the prediction of six types of interorganizational relations, and proposes hypotheses for future research that specify the conditions under which each determinant will he more likely to predict different types of relations. These determinants provide the basis for a general theory of interorganizational relationships and suggest that alternative theoretical perspectives on relationship formation provide important but only partial insights into why organizations enter into relationships with one another.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/258156.pdf

Determinants of Interorganizational Relationships: Integration and Future Directions

Richard Rorty's Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature brings to light the deep sense of crisis within the profession of academic philosophy which is similar to the paralyzing pluralism in contemporary theology and the inveterate indeterminacy of literary criticism. Richard Rorty's provocative and profound meditations impel philosophers to examine the problematic status of their discipline— only to discover that modern European philosophy has come to an end. Rorty strikes a deathblow to modern European philosophy by telling a story about the emergence, development and decline of its primary props: the correspondence theory of truth, the notion of privileged representations and the idea of a self-reflective transcendental subject. Rorty's fascinating tale—his-story —is regulated by three fundamental shifts which he delineates in detail and promotes in principle: the move toward anti-realism or conventionalism in ontology, the move toward the demythologizing of the Myth of the Given or anti-foundationalism in epistemology, and the move toward detranscendentalizing the subject or dismissing the mind as a sphere of inquiry. The chief importance of Rorty's book is that it brings together in an original and intelligible narrative the major insights of the patriarchs of postmodern American philosophy—W. V. Quine, Wilfred Sellars, and Nelson Goodman— and persuasively presents the radical consequences of their views for contemporary philosophy. Rorty credits Wittgenstein, Heidegger and Dewey for having "brought us into a period of 'revolutionary' philosophy" by undermining the prevailing Cartesian and Kantian paradigms and advancing new conceptions of philosophy. And these monumental figures surely inspire Rorty. Yet, Rorty's philosophical debts—the actual sources of his particular anti-Cartesian and antiKantian arguments—are Quine's holism, Sellars' anti-foundationalism, and Goodman's pluralism. In short, despite his adamant attack on analytical philosophy—the last stage of modern European philosophy—Rorty feels most comfortable with the analytical form of philosophical argumentation (shunned by Wittgenstein and Heidegger). From the disparate figures of Wittgenstein, Heidegger, and Dewey, Rorty gets a historicist directive: to eschew the quest for certainty and the search for foundations.

Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature

Tallies were made of outcomes of all reasonably controlled comparisons of psychotherapies with each other and with other treatments. For comparisons of psychotherapy with each other, most studies found insignificant differences in proportions of patients who improved (though most patients benefited). This "tie score effect" did not apply to psychotherapies vs psychopharmacotherapies compared singly—psychopharmacotherapies did better. Combined treatments often did better than single treatments. Among the comparisons, only two specially beneficial matches between type of patient and type of treatment were found. Our explanations for the usual tie score effect emphasize the common components among psychotherapies, especially the helping relationship with a therapist. However, we believe the research does not justify the conclusion that we should randomly assign patients to treatments—research results are usually based on amount of improvement; "amount" may not disclose differences in quality of improvement from each treatment.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/PSYCH/articlepdf/491399/archpsyc_32_8_004.pdf

Comparative Studies of Psychotherapies: Is It True That Everyone Has Won and All Must Have Prizes?

This article applies a developmental-ecological perspective to the question of the etiology of physical child abuse and neglect by organizing the paper around a variety of "contexts of maltreatment." The roles of parent and child characteristics and processes are considered ("developmental context"), including an examination of intergenerational transmission. The "immediate interactional context" of maltreatment, which focuses on the parenting and parent-child interactional processes associated with abuse and neglect, is analyzed. Finally, the "broader context" is discussed with 3 specific subsections dealing with the community, cultural, and evolutionary contexts of child maltreatment. Implications for intervention are considered and future research directions are outlined.

https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/114/3/413.pdf

Etiology of child maltreatment: a developmental-ecological analysis.

The relationship between organizational interdependence was investigated specifically the number of joint programs and internal organizational behavior for health and welfare organizations. A model of organizational interdependence produces 5 hypotheses about organizations which are tested with data for 16 social welfare and health organizations located in a midwestern metropolis in 1967. The hypotheses were: a high degree of complexity varies directly with a high number of joint programs; a high degree of program innovation varies directly with a number of joint programs; a high rate of internal communication varies directly with a high number of joint programs; a high degree of centralization varies inversely with a high number of joint programs; and a high degree of formalization varies inversely with a high number of joint programs. 10 organizations were private; 6 were either public or branches of public agencies. These organizations were all the larger welfare organizations that provide rehabilitiation psychiatric services and services for the mentally retarded. Interviews were conducted with 520 staff members of these 16 organizations. The following were among the study findings: 1) organizations with many joint programs were more complex organizations i.e. they were more highly professionalized and had more diversified occupational structures; 2) organizations with many joint programs were more innovative organizations; 3) organizations with many joint programs had more active internal communication channels; 4) organizations with many joint programs had slightly more decentralized decision making structures; and 5) there was no relationship between formalization and the number of joint programs. A greater degree of complexity was observed i.e. more occupational diversity and greater professionalism of staff in those organizations with the most joint programs. Participation in joint programs is 1 mechanism for adding new occupational specialties to the organization at a reduced cost. With an increase in division of labor organizations become more complex and more innovative. The need for resources to support such innovations promotes interdependent relations with organizations and the greater integration of the organizations in a community structure.

Organizational interdependence and intra-organizational structure.

Brief and extended casework

1. Knowledge, Science, and the Profession of Social Work2. Science and Social Work: A Historical Perspective3. Client Problems as Organizing Foci for Knowledge4. The Scientific Model in Practice: The 1960s and Beyond5. Engineering Social Work Intervention6. Computer-Assisted Social Work Practice: The Promise of Technology, by Stuart Kirk, William Reid, and Carrie Petrucci7. Research-Based Practice8. Research Dissemination and Utilization: Spreading the Word9. Knowledge for Practice: Issues and Challenges

Science and Social Work: A Critical Appraisal

Task Centered Casework

PrefacePart I The Big Picture1. Standards for Qualitative Studies and Reports, by James W. Drisko2. Ethics in Qualitative Research, by Frederick Reamer3. Deconstructing the Epistemological Question with a Focus on the Knower, by Robert L. Miller Jr.Part II. Approaches to Qualitative Research4. Constructivist Research in Social Work, by James W. Drisko5. Grounded Theory, by Jane F. Gilgun 6. Ethnography, by Roberta G. Sands7. Analysis of Personal Narratives, by Catherine Kohler Reissman8. "We have a situation here!": Using Situation Analysis for Health and Social Research, by Lesley Green Rennis9. Action Research: An Intervention for Change, by Shirley J. JonesPart III: Methods of Data Collection and Analysis10. Qualitative Interviewing, by Judy L. Postmus11. Focus Groups, by Raymie Wayne12. Qualitative Data Analysis Software: An Overview and New PossibilitiesPart IV: Qualitative Program Evaluation13 Qualitative Program Evaluation: Overview14. Program Evaluation: Departures15. The Application of Qualitative Research to Organizational Decision-MakingPart V: Generating New Knowledge for Social Work16. Coping with the Dual Demands of Psychiatric Disability and Parenting: The Parents' Perspective17. Assessing Young Children's Perceptions of Family Relationships: Theory and Applications of the Narrative Story-Stem Technique, by Tim Page18. Parenting and Child Neglect among Families in Urban Poverty: A Qualitative Approach19. Doing the Best You Can? The Relationship between Caseworker and Parent: A Case Study20. Scholarships and Support Available to Foster Youth: A Qualitative Approach to Understanding Service Delivery21. Collaboration between Social Workers and Physicians: Development and Application of a TypologyAppendix

Qualitative Research in Social Work

Since its beginnings in the 1960s, the empirical practice movement in social work has addressed three major goals: advancement of the use of research methods in practice as a means of facilitating assessment, guiding intervention planning, and evaluating cases; promotion of the use of interventions whose effectiveness has been demonstrated through empirical research; and creation of knowledge through studies carried out by practitioner-researchers. Through an examination of the origins and development of the movement, I consider issues it has generated, as well as its successes and shortcomings in pursuing its goals.

William J. Reid

Papers

Brief and extended casework

Science and Social Work: A Critical Appraisal

Task Centered Casework

Qualitative Research in Social Work

The Empirical Practice Movement