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Research methods in the social sciences

Racial inequality in economic outcomes, particularly among the college educated, persists throughout US society. Scholars debate whether this inequality stems from racial differences in human capital (e.g., college selectivity, GPA, college major) or employer discrimination against black job candidates. However, limited measures of human capital and the inherent difficulties in measuring discrimination using observational data make determining the cause of racial differences in labor-market outcomes a difficult endeavor. In this research, I examine employment opportunities for white and black graduates of elite top-ranked universities versus high-ranked but less selective institutions. Using an audit design, I create matched candidate pairs and apply for 1,008 jobs on a national job-search website. I also exploit existing birth-record data in selecting names to control for differences across social class within racialized names. The results show that although a credential from an elite university results in more employer responses for all candidates, black candidates from elite universities only do as well as white candidates from less selective universities. Moreover, race results in a double penalty: When employers respond to black candidates, it is for jobs with lower starting salaries and lower prestige than those of white peers. These racial differences suggest that a bachelor’s degree, even one from an elite institution, cannot fully counteract the importance of race in the labor market. Thus, both discrimination and differences in human capital contribute to racial economic inequality.

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Discrimination in the Credential Society: An Audit Study of Race and College Selectivity in the Labor Market

The Full Extent of Student-College Academic Undermatch

The exercise of constitutional review by an independent and active judiciary is commonly regarded as against the interest of current government officials, who presumably prefer to exercise power without interference. In this article, I advance an “overcoming obstructions” account of why judicial review might be supported by existing power holders. When current elected officials are obstructed from fully implementing their own policy agenda, they may favor the active exercise of constitutional review by a sympathetic judiciary to overcome those obstructions and disrupt the status quo. This provides an explanation for why current officeholders might tolerate an activist judiciary. This dynamic is illustrated with case studies from American constitutional history addressing obstructions associated with federalism, entrenched interests, and fragmented and cross-pressured political coalitions.

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“Interpose Your Friendly Hand”: Political Supports for the Exercise of Judicial Review by the United States Supreme Court

When students choose where to attend college, they often stay in close proximity to home and work. Much of the college choice literature, however, does not engage with the importance of geography in shaping educational destinations. Using county and commuting zone data from various federal sources, this study finds that the number of local colleges varies along lines of race and class. Communities with large Hispanic populations and low educational attainment have the fewest alternatives nearby, while White and Asian communities tend to have more. These can result in education deserts, or places where opportunities richly available for some communities are rare (or even nonexistent) in others.

Geography of College Opportunity The Case of Education Deserts

Crossing the Finish Line

The Most Activist Supreme Court in History: The Road to Modern Judicial Conservatism. By Thomas M. Keck. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. 370p. $65.00 cloth, $24.00 paper. The title of this work presents its thesis at the macrolevel, but it is with limited support that the author claims that the current Supreme Court is the “most activist.” The core argument of the book is actually presented in the last chapter in clear fashion. There, the author explicitly refers to the Court as the O'Connor Court since he determines that it is largely the blend of political conservatism and judicial moderation, long displayed by Sandra Day O'Connor, that encapsulates the modern Court. So the thesis is no more than stated as something of a straw man at the outset. Thomas Keck “reveals” that the political ideology (liberal/conservative) dimension of justices is not identical to the judicial activism/restraint dimension of their judicial perspectives. These are and always have been two separate dimensions, even if they may not be orthogonal. It is not clear why this is the first major point of the discussion.

The Most Activist Supreme Court in History: The Road to Modern Judicial Conservatism

© 2012 N.B. This version of the manuscript will be supplemented with additional material later. Please do not quote or cite this without written permission from the authors. This version of the manuscript corrects several errors in the earlier 2010 version. This version of the manuscript replaces the 2010 version in its entirety.

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Exploratory Data Analysis: A Primer for Undergraduates

What affects the amount of time it takes for a justice to construct a majority opinion? We hypothesize that the amount of time expended on constructing the majority opinion is a function of its aut...

Time Chart of the Justices Revisited: An Analysis of the Influences on the Time It Takes to Compose the Majority Opinion on the U.S. Supreme Court1

An important objective of the 1946 Administrative Procedure Act (APA) was to maintain the integrity of democratic principles in the federal bureaucracy. A provision in the APA stipulating that agen...

Maintaining the Integrity of Democratic Principles with Congressional Remedies: An Assessment of Petitioning for Rulemaking under the Endangered Species Act

William P. McLauchlan

Papers

Crossing the Finish Line

The Most Activist Supreme Court in History: The Road to Modern Judicial Conservatism

Exploratory Data Analysis: A Primer for Undergraduates

Time Chart of the Justices Revisited: An Analysis of the Influences on the Time It Takes to Compose the Majority Opinion on the U.S. Supreme Court1

Maintaining the Integrity of Democratic Principles with Congressional Remedies: An Assessment of Petitioning for Rulemaking under the Endangered Species Act