This paper discusses conceptual frameworks for actively involving highly distributed loads in power system control actions. The context for load control is established by providing an overview of system control objectives, including economic dispatch, automatic generation control, and spinning reserve. The paper then reviews existing initiatives that seek to develop load control programs for the provision of power system services. We then discuss some of the challenges to achieving a load control scheme that balances device-level objectives with power system-level objectives. One of the central premises of the paper is that, in order to achieve full responsiveness, direct load control (as opposed to price response) is required to enable fast time scale, predictable control opportunities, especially for the provision of ancillary services such as regulation and contingency reserves. Centralized, hierarchical, and distributed control architectures are discussed along with benefits and disadvantages, especially in relation to integration with the legacy power system control architecture. Implications for the supporting communications infrastructure are also considered. Fully responsive load control is illustrated in the context of thermostatically controlled loads and plug-in electric vehicles.

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Achieving Controllability of Electric Loads

Tapping the energy storage potential in electric loads to deliver load following and regulation, with application to wind energy

By-Catch: Problems and Solutions

http://wormlab.biology.dal.ca/publication/view/worm-etal-2013-global-catches-exploitation-rates-and-rebuilding-options-for-sharks/

Global catches, exploitation rates, and rebuilding options for sharks

Whether a treaty elicits compliance from governments or nonstate actors depends upon identifiable characteristics of the regime's compliance systems. Within the international regime controlling intentional oil pollution, a provision requiring tanker owners to install specified equipment produced dramatically higher levels of compliance than a provision requiring tanker operators to limit their discharges. Since both provisions entailed strong economic incentives for violation and regulated the same countries over the same time period, the variance in compliance clearly can be attributed to different features of the two subregimes. The equipment requirements' success stemmed from establishing an integrated compliance system that increased transparency, provided for potent and credible sanctions, reduced implementation costs to governments by building on existing infrastructures, and prevented violations rather than merely deterring them.

Regime design matters: intentional oil pollution and treaty compliance

The Evolution of Extended National Jurisdiction Coastal Species High Seas Fisheries Anadromous Species Highly Migratory Species Marine Mammals Enforcement.

The New International Law of Fisheries: UNCLOS 1982 and Beyond

/pdf/the-public-order-of-the-oceans-hvf3rb0hxx.pdf

The Public Order of the Oceans

This article argues that the 1989 and 1991 driftnet resolutions (44/225 and 46/215) adopted by the United Nations General Assembly recommending termination of all high seas deployment of large pelagic driftnets are flawed by procedural and substantive errors. The resolutions were not supported by the best scientific evidence available and are not consistent with the principles of high seas fishing in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The article reviews the political pressures, mostly from the United States but with significant input from South Pacific nations, that were largely responsible for the resolutions, and offers detailed descriptions and evaluations of observational data on the key North Pacific squid driftnet fisheries. Most of these data were ignored by the UN General Assembly, despite their availability and their evidence that high seas bycatch rates in the squid fisheries are among the lowest in any known fishery, whatever the gear. The final section of the article di...

William T. Burke

Papers

The New International Law of Fisheries: UNCLOS 1982 and Beyond

The Public Order of the Oceans

The Public Order of the Oceans

United Nations resolutions on driftnet fishing: An unsustainable precedent for high seas and coastal fisheries management

The whaling issue