Chaabene, H, Negra, Y, Bouguezzi, R, Mkaouer, B, Franchini, E, Julio, U, and Hachana, Y. Physical and physiological profile of wrestler athletes: a short review. J Strength Cond Res 31(5): 1411-1442, 2017-Wrestling is one of the oldest combat sports, disputed since the ancient Greek Olympic Games. This combat sport discipline has caught the attention of scientists since 1943 which is the date that matches the appearance of the first scientific research dealing with wrestling. The current short review aimed to summarize and critically analyze the scientific literature related to wrestling's physical and physiological attributes and to provide practical recommendations for testing/training together with new perspective and areas of future scientific research. Regardless of sex and wrestling styles, an optimal level of cardiorespiratory fitness is important to help sustaining effort throughout the duration of the match and to stimulate the recovery process between periods. With regard to the anaerobic power and capacity, the available studies were in agreement about their critical importance toward reaching high-level wrestling success since these variables have discriminated well between successful and less-successful wrestlers regardless of age, weight classes, and wrestling styles. Physical fitness parameters such as maximal dynamic strength, isometric strength, explosive strength, and strength endurance are closely related to high-level wrestling performance. However, flexibility level seems not to be one of the key fitness variables that help to reach high-level wrestling success. Overall, to achieve high-level wrestling performance, training should be directed to develop anaerobic power and capacity, aerobic power, maximal dynamic and isometric strength, explosive strength, and strength endurance.

Physical and Physiological Attributes of Wrestlers: An Update.

(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)IntroductionMonitoring of sportsmen's functional state is an important aspect of their training. Analysis and assessment of sportsmen's workability permit to prognosticate successfulness and give basis for determination of sportsmanship factors. Among them sportsmen's psycho-physiological features, assessed with the help of functional tests, are rather important. Blazevich and Jenkins (1998) note that peculiarities of training influence on sportsmen's efficiency and workability. They also proved interconnection of different indicators. For example speed orientation of training influences on strength, power and amplitude of movements in joints.Influence of psycho-physiological qualities on successfulness of golf players was studied by Cotterill, Sanders, and Collins (2010). As leading factors of fitness, they marked out attention, high level of functional potentials and ability to assess situation. Among other researches of sportsmen's psycho-physiological qualities we can point at several works (Kozina, Ryepko, Prusik, & Cieslicka, 2013; Korobeynikov, Aksutin, & Smoliar, 2015). The authors found higher indicators of nervous processes' mobility and strength in rock-climbers, comparing with mountaineers. This fact is connected with specificity of rock-climbers' training and competition functioning, which requires total concentration in conditions of maximal or sub-maximal strength tension (Kozina et al., 2013). Concerning martial arts, it was found that attacking fighting style is accompanied by high workability, reduction of fatigue and anxiety; by presence of psychological comfort. (Korobeynikov et al., 2015).Validity of functional tests' usage for assessment of motor and functional abilities in game and power kinds of sports was confirmed by Chernenko (2014). Appropriateness of their application for assessment of dynamic of power, quickness and coordination of movements, cardio-vascular and respiratory systems' indicators was proved. Balamutova and Shyryaeva (2014) found peculiar features of swimmers' training, facilitating increase of its effectiveness with the help of motor tests for special workability and functional tests. Researches of special workability in other kinds of sports (Gaskov, Kuzmin, Kudryavtsev, & Iermakov, 2016) permitted to find that in distribution of training loads and means it is necessary to equally dose correlation of these means with all marked out factors. Berezka (2014) offered to use variant of test PWC170 for determination of football players' physical workability. To increase information value of the results additional criteria for assessment of football players' functional fitness were worked out in the form of indices. Other authors (Abdula & Lebedev, 2014) note that there is a wide range in loads parameters for elite sportsmen. It dictates demand in assessment of football exercises' intensity. The carried out analysis witnesses that there are significant distinctions in heart beats rate indicators when using game and interval methods.Besides analysis of functional state dynamic, for prognosis of successfulness assessment of dependences and connections between separate indicators is of great importance. El Ashker (2012) studied dependences between development of complex and simple motor skills and level of technical and physical skills. It was found that development of complex motor skills increase sportsmen's successfulness. In such approaches great attention is paid to pedagogic control and choice of adequate tests (Khudolii, Iermakov, & Prusik, 2015; Zaporozhanov, Borachinski, & Nosko, 2015); to simulation of training process (Khudolii, Iermakov, & Ananchenko, 2015). It permitted for the authors to detect the most informative indicators of schoolchildren's motor fitness. Brown et al. (2011) analyzed characteristics of golf players' movements. Their researches confirmed presence of correlations between indicators, determining motor techniques. …

Psycho-Physiological Features of Sportsmen in Impact and Throwing Martial Arts

Background: Performing complex motor skills, such as the ones performed by karate athletes, requires a great sense of balance.
Because the posturo-kinetic performance seems to be improved by sport practice, especially by sports involving a
lot of posturokinetic activities, the aim of this review was to critically analyse the scientific literature in order to
appraise whether any positive correlation between karate and improved postural control is scientifically supported.
Material/Methods: The online search engines Scirus and Medline were used for generating the data. A comprehensive literature search
was conducted based on the following keywords: “karate”, “postural control” and “body sway”. Results were collected
and filtered manually.
Results: Four articles were identified related to karate practice and postural control, covering a period between 1998 and
2009. Although different experimental approaches were used to investigate this concept, overall the results of these
studies confirm the effectiveness of karate in improving postural control.
Conclusions: Practicing karate seems to elicit long term improvements in postural control. However, a much deeper approach
to this fighting sport, which would take into account its technical specificities (e.g. kata & kumite), is required in
order to increase our understanding of the posture-kinetic impact of this relatively unexplored sport activity.

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Is karate effective in improving postural control

SUMMARYMIXED MARTIAL ARTS (MMA) IS A COMBAT SPORT THAT HAS GAINED MUCH POPULARITY IN RECENT YEARS. DESPITE THIS RECENT SURGE IN POPULARITY, THERE IS LITTLE RESEARCH ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL DEMANDS OF THE SPORT. CONSEQUENTLY, STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING PRACTICES ARE STILL BASED LARGELY ON ANECDOTAL EVIDE

The Mixed Martial Arts Athlete: A Physiological Profile

The aim of the present study was to examine physical fitness differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman junior wrestlers One hundred twenty-six junior wrestlers, comprising 70 Freestyle and 56 Greco-Roman wrestlers, participated in this study The somatic and physical fitness profile included body mass, body height, body mass index, body composition, flexibility, maximal anaerobic power of the legs and arms, aerobic endurance, hand grip strength, leg and back strength, and speed No significant differences were found in the anthropometric and physical features between Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers The Greco-Roman wrestlers had a significantly higher level of relative leg power, peak arm power, relative peak arm power, and relative average arm power than Freestyle wrestlers (p < 005) Greco-Roman wrestlers were significantly faster, had better agility, and had a greater level of leg strength than Freestyle wrestlers, but Freestyle wrestlers were more flexible than Greco-Roman wrestlers (p < 005) Discriminant function analysis indicated that peak arm power, agility, speed, and flexibility were selective factors for the differences between Freestyle and Greco–Roman wrestlers In conclusion, the present study indicates that the differences between these wrestling styles promote physical fitness differences in elite wrestlers The results reflect specific features of each wrestling style

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Physical Fitness Differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman Junior Wrestlers

Background Since the ability to maintain balance is significant to efficient fighting, research was carried out in order to determine the level of the ability to maintain static balance among the Polish elite of sumo sportsmen depending on the engagement of visual receptors. Material/Methods: Research group comprised 41 best Polish male and female sumo wrestlers. To evaluate the ability to maintain static balance the posturographical method was employed. The following measurements were made: with eyes open (EO), with eyes closed (EC) and in conditions of feedback (FB). Results: The closing of the eyes resulted in the increase of ACOP. The introduction of feedback had an effect on the obtainment of ACOP lowest values. The differences were not statistically significant. The change in the value of ACOP results from a modified number of deflections as well as their varied range. The changes in the number of deflections in the frontal and the midline plane were subject to analysis for they are considered to be the basic factors accounting for the reaction of the subjects to the change in the engagement of visual receptors. It was claimed that both the visual analyzers switch-off and the introduction of feedback had an effect on the increase in the number of deflections. The value of NDAP rose more significantly than the value of NDFP. Conclusions: The elimination of the engagement of visual receptors in the maintenance of static balance among the best Polish sumo sportsmen has a detrimental effect on the basic characteristics of COP. Increased is the value of ACOP and NDFP, especially that of NDAP. The introduction of FB during the measurement of the ability to maintain static balance enables the limitation of ACOP. Its lesser value is achieved due to an increase in the number of COP oscillations, particularly in the midline plane. The ability to take advantage of FB in the maintenance of static balance proves its high developmental level. In comparison with competitors of other sports as well as those not training, sumo sportsmen achieved lower values of ACOP in the majority of cases.

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The ability to maintain static balance depending on the engagement of visual receptors among the elite sumo wrestlers

Increasing the physical fitness level is the basic goal of all types of sport preparation. The importance of certain physical fitness abilities for success in a wrestling bout varies in wrestlers of various wrestling styles and age. The aim of this research was to identify the differences between the classical style (Greco-Roman) and the free style wrestlers in the variables assessing physical fitness. The research was conducted on the sample comprised of 107 top-level classical style (n=46) and free style (n=61) wrestlers 17 to 20 years of age, all Polish junior national team members. The measuring instrument consisted of 18 tests, most of them being the test battery of Starosta and Trocewski for advanced wrestlers, aimed at assessing the general and the wrestling-specific physical fitness level. The obtained results were processed by the canonical discriminant analysis and by the univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). The discriminant factor defined as the strength endurance of the trunk and upper extremities statistically significantly discriminated between the classical and the free style wrestlers. It was found that the group of top-level junior free style wrestlers had statistically significantly more expressed strength endurance of the trunk and upper extremities than the group of top-level junior classical style wrestlers. The authors assumed the obtained results had been induced by the specific features of each wrestling style.

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Differences in physical fitness levels between the classical and the free style wrestlers

Contemporary sport training requires many hours of practice with increasing physical and psychical loads. Approaching the limits of one’s capabilities was ascertained long time ago. It turned out that the human body was able to bear those increasing loads. This applies mainly to athletes achieving international success. Apart from them there are competitors who achieve considerable results with difficulty, and therefore frequently give up competitive sport. No statistical record of such losses has been kept, however such records may be of great significance to future champions. Both types of athletes, novice and advanced, should be taken care of. Is it possible to decrease the applied training loads and thus limit the number of load-linked injuries? Must competitive sport supply premature pensioners? Eliminating all the defects of training is not easy, but its considerable improvement is possible. Improvement means rather a new concept dealing with the most important part of the training – motor preparation – and particularly the increase of training efficiency and technique improvement. The aims of the work were as follows: 1. creation of a new form of motor preparation; 2. presentation of a novel concept of selecting candidates for sport; 3. development of new ways of attaining sport specialization; 4. new formulation of relationships between physical and co-ordination abilities; 5. development of emotions specific to the given sport. The paper presents five important elements of the concept of modern training. Their implementation does not require additional financial resources and does not imply any risk. Some of these proposals were applied in other countries with very good effects (e.g. by female volleyball players of the Japanese national team). Due to their effectiveness, they became the “secret of the coaching workshop”. The originality of these proposals consists of their systemic formulation. They are a synthesis of results of numerous fragmentary studies by various authors, including my own pedagogical experiments, as well as research and pedagogical experience. Some conclusions in the work were based on results of studies conducted using our own method of awakening or refreshing kinesthetic sensations. The method was used in various sports such as ice figure skating, ski jumps and swimming. Greater expressiveness of these sensations was connected with a higher level of technical preparation in a number of sports e.g., skiing, ski jumping, fencing, kayaking, judo, ice figure skating, speed skating, skiing, fencing, boxing and

The concept of modern training in sport.

The aim of this study was to determine the extent of asymmetry of spinal segment mobility in canoeists. Moreover, the relationship between this parameter and racing speed was analyzed. The study included 18 canoeists with a mean age of 16.4 years. Mobility of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine, in sagittal, coronal and transverse planes, was measured with the aid of a tensometric electrogoniometer. The racing speed was based on results achieved during the qualifying competition for the Polish national team. Spinal mobility was measured within two days after the competition. Significant associations were observed between average racing speed and the asymmetry coefficients of the cervical (r=-0.52; p=0.03) and lumbar spinal flexure in the coronal plane (r=0.57; p=0.01). The extent of the asymmetry of the cervical spine flexure in the coronal plane should possibly be reduced, because such asymmetry exerts a negative effect on racing speed. In contrast, canoeist's training should be oriented towards increasing the asymmetry of the lumbar spine flexure in the coronal plane. However, one should keep in mind that such an approach, although favorable in terms of race performance, could negatively affect the canoeist's health.

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Asymmetry of Spinal Segments Mobility in Canoeists and its Relationship with Racing Speed

Wrestling is a combat sport based on intense activity of the competitors, requiring higher and higher levels of coordination. High levels of different coordination abilities are very important in wrestling. Most successful competitors have versatile technique, and are able to make use of their skill in various situations during competition. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of movement coordination with relation to a training stage (age categories) as well as determining the dominant direction of rotation. The Starosta Global Movement Coordination Test was used. The wrestlers of the national team were subject to the investigation: the group consisted of 227 male, elite wrestlers, both free and classic styles cadets, juniors and seniors. The investigation was carried out twice, but always in the preparation period. Results: 1. Classic style and free style juniors showed the highest level of movement coordination, 810.25° and 746° respectively. The cadets (classic style) and senio...

Włodzimierz Starosta

Papers

The ability to maintain static balance depending on the engagement of visual receptors among the elite sumo wrestlers

Differences in physical fitness levels between the classical and the free style wrestlers

The concept of modern training in sport.

Asymmetry of Spinal Segments Mobility in Canoeists and its Relationship with Racing Speed

Levels of Movement Coordination in Elite Freestyle and Classical Style Wrestlers of Different Ages