physiological recording (from interviewer in addition to interviewee) . As far as could be determined, interaction studies of this kind (with electromyographic and other indicators) had not been previously described in the literature ; and the present experiments thus represented a pioneering venture. Longrange aims were to gain deeper understanding of transference and related mechanisms of interaction. The immediate purpose of the pilot studies was methodological, of course. Nevertheless, reported were some

Development and learning in animals and man

Summary This study assessed teachers' environmental literacy and analysed predictors of teachers' responsible environmental behaviour (REB). A nine page instrument was administered by mailed questionnaire to 300 randomly selected secondary teachers in the Hualien area of Taiwan with a 52.3% effective response rate. As a result of stepwise multiple regression analyses, the most parsimonious set of predictors of REB for all teachers included: perceived knowledge of environmental action strategies (KNOW), intention to act, area of residence and perceived skill in using environmental action strategies (SKILL, total r2 = 0.3867). For urban teachers, the most parsimonious set of predictors included: intention to act, SKILL, major sources of environmental information and membership in environmental organisations (total r2 = 0.4711). For rural teachers, the most parsimonious set of predictors included: KNOW, intention to act and perceived knowledge of environmental problems and issues (total r2 = 0.3200). Implica...

An Assessment of Environmental Literacy and Analysis of Predictors of Responsible Environmental Behaviour Held by Secondary Teachers in the Hualien Area of Taiwan

This study examines the internal consistency of Novak and Gowin's scoring scheme and its effect on the prediction validity of concept mapping as an alternative science classroom achievement assessment. Data were collected in three typical situations: very limited concept mapping experience with free‐style concept mapping; some concept mapping experience with questions provided; extensive concept mapping experience with a list of concepts provided for. It was found that Novak's scoring scheme was not internally consistent, and therefore there was generally no significant correlation between students’ scores on concept mapping and students’ scores on conventional classroom achievement assessments. The need for a new scoring scheme when concept mapping is used as an alternative science assessment is discussed.

The internal consistency of a concept mapping scoring scheme and its effect on prediction validity

Summary On the basis of a wide‐ranging literature search, this paper reviews and compares the use of concept sorting and concept mapping in business and public administration, and in education. Usage in education is distinguished by stress on the nature of relationships between concepts and the variety of uses to which concept mapping is applied. In contrast, usage in business and public administration is concentrated on group decision‐making and planning. In education concept sorting and mapping are used for assessment and evaluation, for enhancing of learning, as well as for decision‐making and planning. Use of concept maps in education is further distinguished by stress on the processes involved, on the nature of the relationships between concepts, and is subject to more critical evaluation and, in some measure, is grounded in learning theory.

Using concept sorting and concept mapping in business and public administration, and in education: an overview

The National Consortium for Environmental Education and Training surveyed environmental education coordinators in all 50 states and the District of Columbia to investigate the current practice of inservice education for K-12 teachers in the United States. Results revealed that professional development in environmental education is dominated by activity-based, nationally produced curricula; is primarily science-oriented rather than interdisciplinary; and is concerned more with environmental content than educational context The results indicate the need for profound changes in the educational approach to professional development in environmental education.

EE Teacher Inservice Education: The Need for New Perspectives.

ABSTRACT Based upon Ausubel's theory of meaningful learning, this study focused on the use of concept maps (diagrams that portray relationships among concepts in agiven area of study) to help students identify logical relationships between a new concept and concepts already known. Relationships of a learner's prior knowledge and cognitive development to (1) the ability to construct concept maps and (2) the knowledge of environmental concepts as a result of using self-constructed concept maps were investigated. A secondary purpose was to compare three versions of concept mapping. Students (N=114) taking an introductory natural resources course at The Ohio State University were divided into high and low prior knowledge groups based upon pretest results. Within each group, learners were randomly assigned to one of three concept mapping groups: (1) hierarchical-propositional; (2) hierarchical; and (3) propositional. Each student constructed three assigned maps of environmental concepts during the course and completed a posttest on these concepts and an attitude instrument at the end of the course. Findings indicate that prior knowledge, cognitive development, and reasoning ability showed little relationship to students' concept mapping performance. For two groups, prior knowledge explained more variability in posttest scores than did cognitive development. (Author/DC)

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Woodward S. Bousquet

Papers

An Application of Ausubel's Learning Theory to Environmental Education: A Study of Concept Mapping in a College Natural Resources Management Course.

Environmental Education and the State Education Agencies: A Report of a Survey

Environmental Education and the State Education Agencies.