This paper presents the results of a study of the effects of social capital on access to bank financing. Based on a Chinese nationwide survey, our analysis suggests that entrepreneurs who contribute to charities are more likely to be successful in loan applications. In addition, we find that political party membership is an important determinant of state-owned bank financing, whereas time spent on social activities increases the probability of obtaining loans from commercial banks. Therefore, our data provide some evidence for substitutability between various types of social capital. To obtain a loan from a specific type of bank, an entrepreneur should access the relevant social network.

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Social Capital and Access to Bank Financing: The Case of Chinese Entrepreneurs

This study examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, environmental quality, and capital stock on economic growth in 17 Middle East and North African Countries (MENA) countries. We did our analysis in the panel framework over the period 1990–2012 using both the static (ordinary least squares method (OLS), fixed effect (FE), and random effect (RE)) and dynamic (difference-generalized method of moments (Diff-GMM) and system-generalized method of moments (Sys-GMM)) panel data approaches. The empirical results show that the increases in FDI inflows and capital stock enhance the economic growth process in MENA countries. On the other hand, our findings demonstrated that economic growth in MENA countries reacts negatively to the environmental degradation. These empirical insights are of particular interest to policymakers as they help build sound external and environmental policies to sustain economic growth.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs13132-015-0323-y.pdf

The Impact of FDI Inflows and Environmental Quality on Economic Growth: an Empirical Study for the MENA Countries

The present study deals with the origin and growth of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by emerging Chinese and Indian multinationals and examines the locational determinants of such investments. Both Chinese and Indian OFDI i¬‚ows were observed to have surged after the adoption of economic openness policies by the home country in the late 1970s and the 1990s respectively and are now increasingly being driven by wholly-owned projects and acquisitions abroad. Indian and Chinese frms both started OFDI operations in developing countries and then they expanded into developed regions in the 1990s. Among locational factors, both Chinese and Indian OFDI projects are attracted by host country imports from the sources, greater strength of host currencies, rising host prices and host status of being offshore fnancial centres. While the Chinese multinationals were found to have preference for hosts with locational proximity, small size and high natural resource endowments, the Indian firms appear to choose countries with large size and that have bilateral investment treaty (BIT) with India irrespective of their physical distance from India.

https://ijie.um.edu.my/RePEc/umk/journl/v3i1/Fulltext6.pdf

Emerging Multinationals: A Comparison of Chinese and Indian Outward Foreign Direct Investment

Purpose – Since the start of the twenty‐first century China has stepped into a new stage of harmonious urban‐rural development. Based on the brief review of policy changes since the new century, the purpose of this paper is to figure out the comprehensive policy framework, and analyze its background and reasons.Design/methodology/approach – First, this paper offers a brief review of China's rural reform with focus on the policy framework and changes since the reform of rural tax and fee system in 2000. Next, the paper focuses on food security to discuss grain price increase and China's grain imports, then the current problems facing China's agricultural and rural development are discussed and countermeasures provided.Findings – The paper finds that several policies have been implemented toward the coordination between urban and rural areas and toward the integration of urban and rural development. However, China's grain production is still facing big challenges, both from the increasing demand and the res...

Review of China's agricultural and rural development: policy changes and current issues

This study sought to investigate the impacts of climate change on cereal production in China over the period 1990Q1-2013Q4. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, the results showed that CO2 emissions, average temperature, and temperature variability have a significant negative impact on cereal production in the long run. However, energy consumption, average rainfall, labor force, and cultivated area significantly and positively influenced the production of cereal crops in the long run. Meanwhile, the study observed that rainfall variability has no significant effect on cereal production in the long run. The study again found that in the short run, CO2 emissions, average temperature, and temperature variability have a significant negative relationship with cereal production. Besides, energy consumption, average rainfall, rainfall variability, labor force, and the cultivated area had a significant positive association with cereal production in the short run. The results of the Granger causality test showed that there exists a unidirectional causality running from CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and labor force to the production of cereal crops in China. On the contrary, the study found no causality between cultivated area and cereal production. The study suggests that improved cereal crop varieties ought to be developed and introduced to cope with the adverse impacts of climate change in China. This will help to circumvent Huang et al.'s (2017) prediction of a decline in the total food self-sufficiency of China from 94.5% in 2015 to about 91% by 2025.

Cereal production in the presence of climate change in China.

Foreign direct investment and China's regional income inequality ☆

This article uses multivariate regression and decomposition analyses to assess household income mobility determinants and their contributions to income mobility in rural China from 1989 to 2006. The findings indicate that households with lower initial income level, higher share of wage income, higher educational level of household members, larger number of non-agricultural employed household members and younger heads are more mobile. Moreover, besides initial income, change in the share of wage income, change in the share of non-agricultural employed household members, and change in average year of education of household members are the most important factors that account for income mobility. These findings necessitate more emphasis on policies that promote non-agricultural employment and education to enhance household income mobility in rural China.

Determinants of Household Income Mobility in Rural China

China's share of global trade has experienced rapid growth in the past three decades. Taking a demand-side perspective, this paper investigates the causes of this rapid growth by decomposing China's trade growth into preference changes, income growth, and other factors. The results indicate that preference changes explain 35.8 percent of export growth and 41.9 percent of import growth over the period. Income growth (excluding convergence) explains a further 28.4 percent and 27.1 percent, respectively, of export and import growth, respectively. In addition, income convergence further contributed about 24 percent and 11.3 percent, respectively, of export and import growth, respectively. These results are generated using a multiregional numerical general equilibrium model of the global economy involving major trading blocs and are calibrated to both 1975 and 2004 data.

Why Has China's Trade Grown So Fast? A Demand-Side Perspective

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the impacts of climate change on the People's Republic of China's (PRC) grain output using rural household survey data. The paper highlights the regional differences of impacts by estimating output elasticities (with respect to climate change) for different grain crops and different regions. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses production function to investigate the responses of grain output to climate variables as well as other traditional input variables. The use of production function approach allows us to do away with the competitive land market assumption as required in the Ricardian approach. The paper will use interaction terms of climate variables and regional dummies to capture the regional differences of climate change impact on grain crops. Findings – The results indicate that the overall negative climate impacts on the PRC's grain output range from −0.31 to −2.69 percent in 2030 and from −1.93 to −3.07 percent in 2050, under different emission s...

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Xian Xin

Papers

Foreign direct investment and China's regional income inequality ☆

Determinants of Household Income Mobility in Rural China

Why Has China's Trade Grown So Fast? A Demand-Side Perspective

Impacts of Climate Change on the People's Republic of China's Grain Output - Regional and Crop Perspective

Technological change and China's regional disparities — A calibrated equilibrium analysis☆