To understand the effects of temperature on biological systems, we compile, organize, and analyze a database of 1,072 thermal responses for microbes, plants, and animals. The unprecedented diversity of traits (n = 112), species (n = 309), body sizes (15 orders of magnitude), and habitats (all major biomes) in our database allows us to quantify novel features of the temperature response of biological traits. In particular, analysis of the rising component of within-species (intraspecific) responses reveals that 87% are fit well by the Boltzmann–Arrhenius model. The mean activation energy for these rises is 0.66 ± 0.05 eV, similar to the reported across-species (interspecific) value of 0.65 eV. However, systematic variation in the distribution of rise activation energies is evident, including previously unrecognized right skewness around a median of 0.55 eV. This skewness exists across levels of organization, taxa, trophic groups, and habitats, and it is partially explained by prey having increased trait performance at lower temperatures relative to predators, suggesting a thermal version of the life-dinner principle—stronger selection on running for your life than running for your dinner. For unimodal responses, habitat (marine, freshwater, and terrestrial) largely explains the mean temperature at which trait values are optimal but not variation around the mean. The distribution of activation energies for trait falls has a mean of 1.15 ± 0.39 eV (significantly higher than rises) and is also right-skewed. Our results highlight generalities and deviations in the thermal response of biological traits and help to provide a basis to predict better how biological systems, from cells to communities, respond to temperature change.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/108/26/10591.full.pdf

Systematic variation in the temperature dependence of physiological and ecological traits

Efforts to recycle organic wastes using black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens into high-nutrient biomass that constitutes a sustainable fat (biodiesel) and high-quality protein ingredient in animal feeds have recently gained momentum worldwide. However, there is little information on the most suitable rearing conditions for growth, development and survivorship of these flies, which is a prerequisite for mass production technologies. We evaluated the physiological requirements for growth and reproduction of H. illucens on two diets [spent grains supplemented with brewers' yeast (D1) and un-supplemented (D2)]. Development rates at nine constant temperatures (10-42°C) were fitted to temperature-dependent linear and non-linear day-degree models. Thereafter, life history table parameters were determined within a range of favourable temperatures. The thermal maximum (TM) estimates for larval, pre-pupal and pupal development using non-linear model ranged between 37.2 ± 0.3 and 44.0 ± 2.3°C. The non-linear and linear day-degree model estimations of lower developmental temperature threshold for larvae were 11.7 ± 0.9 and 12.3 ± 1.4°C for D1, and 10.4 ± 1.7 and 11.7 ± 3.0°C for D2, respectively. The estimated thermal constant of immature life stages development of BSF was higher for the larval stage (250±25 DD for D1 and 333±51 for D2) than the other stages evaluated. Final larval wet weight was higher on D1 compared to D2. The population growth rate was most favourable at 30-degree celsius (°C) with higher intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm = 0.127 for D1 and 0.122 for D2) and shorter doubling time (5.5 days for D1 and 5.7 days for D2) compared to the other temperatures. These results are valuable for the optimization of commercial mass rearing procedures of BSF under various environmental conditions and prediction of population dynamics patterns using computer simulation models.

/pdf/threshold-temperatures-and-thermal-requirements-of-black-42uo16s8nn.pdf

Threshold temperatures and thermal requirements of black soldier fly Hermetia illucens: Implications for mass production.

Thermal plasticity is related to the hardening response of heat shock protein expression in two Bactrocera fruit flies

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are among the most important pests damaging fruit crops growing in Tanzania Demographic parameters for Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) and Bactrocera invadens (Drew, Tsuruta & White) are reported and compared These include pre-adult survival and development rates, adult survival and fecundity and population parameters such as the intrinsic rate of increase, and mean generation time Population and biological parameters of the C cosyra and B invadens were measured in an environmental chamber at 25°C and 30°C with 75% RH and at room temperature ranging 23–28°C The results showed that B invadens had shorter embryonic, larval and pupal development times than C cosyra independent of temperature Life expectancy of male B invadens was significantly greater than that of C cosyra, while life expectancy of female B invadens was greater than that of C cosyra but not significantly Average net fecundity was higher for B invadens than for C cosyra Both species attained their highest intrinsic rate of increase and net reproductive rate at 30°C B invadens exhibited higher intrinsic rate of increase and net reproductive rate than C cosyra at all temperatures tested

Demographic parameters of the two main fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species attacking mango in Central Tanzania

Comparative analysis of development and survivorship of two geographically divergent populations of the Natal fruit fly Ceratitis rosa Karsch designated as Ceratitis rosa R1 and Ceratitis rosa R2 from Kenya and South Africa were studied at seven constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 33, 35 °C). Temperature range for development and survival of both populations was 15-35 °C. The developmental duration was found to significantly decrease with increasing temperature for Ceratitis rosa R1 and Ceratitis rosa R2 from both countries. Survivorship of all the immature stages of Ceratitis rosa R1 and Ceratitis rosa R2 from Kenya was highest over the range of 20-30 °C (87-95%) and lowest at 15 and 35 °C (61-76%). Survivorship of larvae of Ceratitis rosa R1 and Ceratitis rosa R2 from South Africa was lowest at 35 °C (22%) and 33 °C (0.33%), respectively. Results from temperature summation models showed that Ceratitis rosa R2 (egg, larva and pupa) from both countries were better adapted to low temperatures than R1, based on lower developmental threshold. Minimum larval temperature threshold for Kenyan populations were 11.27 °C and 6.34 °C (R1 and R2, respectively) compared to 8.99 °C and 7.74 °C (R1 and R2, respectively) for the South African populations. Total degree-day (DD) accumulation for the Kenyan populations were estimated at 302.75 (Ceratitis rosa R1) and 413.53 (Ceratitis rosa R2) compared to 287.35 (Ceratitis rosa R1) and 344.3 (Ceratitis rosa R2) for the South African populations. These results demonstrate that Ceratitis rosa R1 and Ceratitis rosa R2 from both countries were physiologically distinct in their response to different temperature regimes and support the existence of two genetically distinct populations of Ceratitis rosa. It also suggests the need for taxonomic revision of Ceratitis rosa, however, additional information on morphological characterization of Ceratitis rosa R1 and Ceratitis rosa R2 is needed.

https://zookeys.pensoft.net/lib/ajax_srv/article_elements_srv.php?action=download_pdf&item_id=6230

Comparative analysis of development and survival of two Natal fruit fly Ceratitis rosa Karsch (Diptera, Tephritidae) populations from Kenya and South Africa.

The effect of temperature on the development and survival of the guava fruit fly,Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) from egg to adult’s pre-ovipositional stage was studied in laboratory under 5 different constant temperatures: 18, 24, 30, 33 and 36°C. The developmental time of the egg, larva and pupa significantly decreased with increasing temperature from 18 to 33°C. The developmental rate of the pre-oviposition stage reached physiological maximum at the higher temperature (36°C). At 18°C, no female oviposited. The survival rate reached maximum at 24 - 33°C and decreased at higher or lower temperature. The lower developmental thresholds, thermal constants and lethal high temperatures for different life stages of the fly were also estimated. The results will be useful for the predicting the fly’s population dynamics and geographical distribution, which would help develop the fly management strategies.

	 

	Key words: Guava fruit fly, temperature-dependent development, lower developmental threshold, thermal constant, lethal high temperature.

https://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380537874_Liu and Ye.pdf

Xiaofei

Papers

Effect of temperature on development and survival of Bactrocera correcta (Diptera: Tephritidae)