The role of the right inferior frontal gyrus in the processing of non-local dependencies in music

By conducting focus groups with teen girls, this study aimed to explore female adolescents’ responses to and perceptions of increasingly negative, scandal-driven critiquing of celebrities Four types of celebrity-critiquing cases were selected and discussed The first research question focused on girls’ reactions towards the presented examples The results indicated that the girls’ responses differed depending on the type of case involved Generally, the teens at first were entertained by the comments about celebrities, but disapproved of cases that seemed to be intended to hurt the celebrity For all types of cases, however, they were quite judgemental in that they quickly blamed the victim Although they reported that it is unacceptable to humiliate people online, they were convinced that celebrities should be able to deal with comments, even if they were harsh The second research question was interested in whether the girls perceived celebrity critiquing as a form of cyberbullying They said t

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Celebrity critiquing: hot or not? Teen girls’ attitudes on and responses to the practice of negative celebrity critiquing

Online celebrity aggression: A combination of low empathy and high moral disengagement? The relationship between empathy and moral disengagement and adolescents’ online celebrity aggression

Microblogs are one of the main social networking channels by which information is spread. Millions of users repost information from microblogs and share embedded emotion at the same time. The present study employed a mimicked interface of microblog (sina Weibo) and recruited university students to investigate users' propensity to repost microblogs of positive, negative or neutral valence, and studied the neural correlates with reposting microblogs of different emotional valence. Ninety pieces of microblog messages, consisting of 30 positive, 30 negative and 30 neutral were read by 28 participants (14 males and 14 females). Their propensity to repost, valence-related neural activity, and reposting-related neural activity were recorded when they read messages and decided whether to repost them. We found reposting behavior was moderated by emotion. Participants preferred to reposting emotional microblogs relative to neutral microblogs, corresponding to amplified activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), insula, precuneus and tempoparietal junction (TPJ), the key nodes of cognitive control, emotion, self-relevance processing and mentalizing respectively. Moreover, negative microblogs were more reposted than positive ones, corresponding to amplified activity in postcentral gyrus, superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and TPJ. Reposting negative microblogs induced increased activity in bilateral TPJ, indicating that TPJ plays a key role on decisions to propagate negative information. These findings reveal an important behavioral pattern in which negative information prevails in the transmission through microblogs, as well as the neural correlates with this process. It also provides empirical evidence of how reposting works in microblogs and how the brain is involved in social propagation of information.

Emotional, especially negative microblogs are more popular on the web: evidence from an fMRI study

The widespread fake news in social networks is posing threats to social stability, economic development, and political democracy, etc. Numerous studies have explored the effective detection approaches of online fake news, while few works study the intrinsic propagation and cognition mechanisms of fake news. Since the development of cognitive science paves a promising way for the prevention of fake news, we present a new research area called Cognition Security (CogSec), which studies the potential impacts of fake news on human cognition, ranging from misperception, untrusted knowledge acquisition, targeted opinion/attitude formation, to biased decision making, and investigates the effective ways for fake news debunking. CogSec is a multidisciplinary research field that leverages the knowledge from social science, psychology, cognition science, neuroscience, AI and computer science. We first propose related definitions to characterize CogSec and review the literature history. We further investigate the key research challenges and techniques of CogSec, including humancontent cognition mechanism, social influence and opinion diffusion, fake news detection, and malicious bot detection. Finally, we summarize the open issues and future research directions, such as the cognition mechanism of fake news, influence maximization of fact-checking information, early detection of fake news, fast refutation of fake news, and so on.

The mass, fake news, and cognition security

In contrast to abstract trait words which describe people's general personality, gossip is about personal affairs of others. Although neural correlates underlying processing self-related trait words have been well documented, it remains poorly understood how the human brain processes gossip. In the present fMRI study, participants were instructed to rate their online emotional states upon hearing positive and negative gossip about celebrities, themselves, and their best friends. Explicit behavioral ratings suggested that participants were happier to hear positive gossip and more annoyed to hear negative gossip about themselves than about celebrities and best friends. At the neural level, dissociated neural networks were involved in processing the positive gossip about self and the negative gossip about celebrities. On the one hand, the superior medial prefrontal cortex responded not only to self-related gossip but also to moral transgressions, and neural activity in the orbital prefrontal cortex increased linearly with pleasure ratings on positive gossip about self. On the other hand, although participants' ratings did not show they were particularly happy on hearing negative gossip about celebrities, the significantly enhanced neural activity in the reward system suggested that they were indeed amused. Moreover, via enhanced functional connectivity, the prefrontal executive control network was involved in regulating the reward system by giving explicit pleasure ratings according to social norm compliance, rather than natural true feelings.

Xiaozhe Peng

Papers

The ugly truth: negative gossip about celebrities and positive gossip about self entertain people in different ways.