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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

The sixth generation (6G) wireless communication networks are envisioned to revolutionize customer services and applications via the Internet of Things (IoT) towards a future of fully intelligent and autonomous systems. In this article, we explore the emerging opportunities brought by 6G technologies in IoT networks and applications, by conducting a holistic survey on the convergence of 6G and IoT. We first shed light on some of the most fundamental 6G technologies that are expected to empower future IoT networks, including edge intelligence, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, space-air-ground-underwater communications, Terahertz communications, massive ultra-reliable and low-latency communications, and blockchain. Particularly, compared to the other related survey papers, we provide an in-depth discussion of the roles of 6G in a wide range of prospective IoT applications via five key domains, namely Healthcare Internet of Things, Vehicular Internet of Things and Autonomous Driving, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Satellite Internet of Things, and Industrial Internet of Things. Finally, we highlight interesting research challenges and point out potential directions to spur further research in this promising area.

6G Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey

The next wave of wireless technologies is proliferating in connecting things among themselves as well as to humans. In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), billions of sensors, machines, vehicles, drones, and robots will be connected, making the world around us smarter. The IoT will encompass devices that must wirelessly communicate a diverse set of data gathered from the environment for myriad new applications. The ultimate goal is to extract insights from this data and develop solutions that improve quality of life and generate new revenue. Providing large-scale, long-lasting, reliable, and near real-time connectivity is the major challenge in enabling a smart connected world. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on existing and emerging communication solutions for serving IoT applications in the context of cellular, wide-area, as well as non-terrestrial networks. Specifically, wireless technology enhancements for providing IoT access in the fifth-generation (5G) and beyond cellular networks, and communication networks over the unlicensed spectrum are presented. Aligned with the main key performance indicators of 5G and beyond 5G networks, we investigate solutions and standards that enable energy efficiency, reliability, low latency, and scalability (connection density) of current and future IoT networks. The solutions include grant-free access and channel coding for short-packet communications, non-orthogonal multiple access, and on-device intelligence. Further, a vision of new paradigm shifts in communication networks in the 2030s is provided, and the integration of the associated new technologies like artificial intelligence, non-terrestrial networks, and new spectra is elaborated. In particular, the potential of using emerging deep learning and federated learning techniques for enhancing the efficiency and security of IoT communication are discussed, and their promises and challenges are introduced. Finally, future research directions toward beyond 5G IoT networks are pointed out. 

Cellular, Wide-Area, and Non-Terrestrial IoT: A Survey on 5G Advances and the Road Toward 6G

Vehicular intelligence in 6G: Networking, communications, and computing

With the increasing global communication demands and the development of Internet of Things (IoT), extending the connectivity to rural and remote areas has become imperative for future networks. The sixth-generation (6G) network is expected to provide heterogeneous services and seamless network coverage for everyone and everything. Combining the advantages of both satellite and terrestrial networks, the integrated satellite-terrestrial network architecture is promising to provide global broadband access for all types of users, which has drawn much attention from both the academia and industry. In this article, we present a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art of integrated satellite-terrestrial networks toward 6G. First, an executive classification and summary of the integration architecture is presented from network design to performance optimization. Then, typical applications of the integrated satellite-terrestrial network are discussed based on the architecture. By considering the unique characteristics of the two networks, main challenges are pointed out when performing integration, such as the long propagation delay, complex link conditions, and high dynamics of the network topology. Finally, some promising future techniques are explored from the perspective of the integrated architecture. A detailed survey of the potential integration architectures is of great importance to enable more flexible network design and construction in future 6G networks. This article will provide a valuable guideline on future research and development of integrated satellite-terrestrial networks. 

Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial Networks Toward 6G: Architectures, Applications, and Challenges

Terrestrial communication networks mainly focus on users in urban areas but have poor coverage performance in harsh environments, such as mountains, deserts, and oceans. Satellites can be exploited to extend the coverage of terrestrial fifth-generation networks. However, satellites are restricted by their high latency and relatively low data rate. Consequently, the integration of terrestrial and satellite components has been widely studied to take advantage of both sides and enable the seamless broadband coverage. Due to the significant differences between satellite communications (SatComs) and terrestrial communications (TerComs) in terms of channel fading, transmission delay, mobility, and coverage performance, the establishment of an efficient hybrid satellite–terrestrial network (HSTN) still faces many challenges. In general, it is difficult to decompose an HSTN into a sum of separate satellite and terrestrial links due to the complicated coupling relationships therein. To uncover the complete picture of HSTNs, we regard the HSTN as a combination of basic cooperative models that contain the main traits of satellite–terrestrial integration but are much simpler and thus more tractable than the large-scale heterogeneous HSTNs. In particular, we present three basic cooperative models, i.e., model ${X}$ , model ${L}$ , and model ${V}$ , and provide a survey of the state-of-the-art technologies for each of them. We discuss future research directions toward establishing a cell-free, hierarchical, decoupled HSTN. We also outline open issues to envision an agile, smart, and secure HSTN for the sixth-generation ubiquitous Internet of Things.

/pdf/5g-embraces-satellites-for-6g-ubiquitous-iot-basic-models-4oyge76ps2.pdf

5G Embraces Satellites for 6G Ubiquitous IoT: Basic Models for Integrated Satellite Terrestrial Networks

Terrestrial communication networks mainly focus on users in urban areas but have poor coverage performance in harsh environments, such as mountains, deserts, and oceans. Satellites can be exploited to extend the coverage of terrestrial fifth-generation (5G) networks. However, satellites are restricted by their high latency and relatively low data rate. Consequently, the integration of terrestrial and satellite components has been widely studied, to take advantage of both sides and enable seamless broadband coverage. Due to the significant differences between satellite communications (SatComs) and terrestrial communications (TerComs) in terms of channel fading, transmission delay, mobility, and coverage performance, the establishment of an efficient hybrid satellite-terrestrial network (HSTN) still faces many challenges. In general, it is difficult to decompose a HSTN into a sum of separate satellite and terrestrial links due to the complicated coupling relationships therein. To uncover the complete picture of HSTNs, we regard the HSTN as a combination of basic cooperative models that contain the main traits of satellite-terrestrial integration but are much simpler and thus more tractable than the large-scale heterogeneous HSTNs. In particular, we present three basic cooperative models, i.e., model X, model L, and model V, and provide a survey of the state-of-the-art technologies for each of them. We discuss future research directions towards establishing a cell-free, hierarchical, decoupled HSTN. We also outline open issues to envision an agile, smart, and secure HSTN for the sixth-generation (6G) ubiquitous Internet of Things (IoT).

/pdf/5g-embraces-satellites-for-6g-ubiquitous-iot-basic-models-1hxxthf5o4.pdf

In this paper, we investigate hybrid satellite-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-terrestrial networks for maritime coverage enhancement. We adopt tethered UAVs to provide aerial base station (BS) sites, and orchestrate onshore and UAV-mounted BSs in a user-centric manner. To address the spectrum scarcity problem, all available spectrum is shared among satellites, UAVs and terrestrial base stations (TBSs). This generates undesirable challenging co-channel interference (CCI) under the irregular cell-free system topology. We establish a cognitive framework to sense not only the spectrum status but also ships’ position information. According to the cognitive information, user-centric virtual clusters are self organized by a group of UAVs and onshore BSs. Besides, location-dependent large-scale channel state information (CSI) can be obtained through the cognitive position information. We thus optimize the power allocation strategy with only the large-scale CSI, to further mitigate both the inter-cluster interference and leakage interference to satellite users. The problem is non-convex. By using the random matrix theory and successive convex optimization methods, we solve it in an iterative way. Simulation results corroborate the efficiency of the proposed cognitive framework and the presented power allocation scheme.

Power Allocation for Maritime Cognitive Satellite-UAV-Terrestrial Networks

In addition to marine satellites, shore-based terrestrial base stations (TBSs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be exploited to provide broadband communication services in the offshore area. TBSs should be deployed only at available sites, e.g., mountains with both power grid and optical fibers. UAVs can work only in the area with fine weather conditions. These practical constraints render the topology of an offshore hybrid UAV-terrestrial network quite irregular, leading to blind zones of coverage. To solve this problem, we consider on-demand coverage optimization of maritime hybrid satellite-UAV-terrestrial networks. We maximize the minimum user rate served by TBSs and UAVs, while guaranteeing the leakage interference to satellite users below an affordable threshold. The problem is non-convex. We solve it by using the random matrix theory and successive convex optimization tools. Simulation results demonstrate that the coverage performance in the offshore area can be significantly improved by using the proposed optimization scheme.

On-Demand Coverage for Maritime Hybrid Satellite-UAV-Terrestrial Networks

The sixth-generation (6G) network is envisioned to integrate communication and sensing functions, so as to improve the spectrum efficiency and support explosive novel applications. Although the similarities of wireless communication and radio sensing lay the foundation for their combination, there is still considerable incompatible interest between them. To simultaneously guarantee the communication capacity and the sensing accuracy, the multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) technique plays an important role due to its unique capability of spatial beamforming and waveform shaping. However, the configuration of MIMO also brings high hardware cost, high power consumption, and high signal processing complexity. How to efficiently apply MIMO to achieve balanced communication and sensing performance is still open. In this survey, we discuss joint communication and sensing (JCAS) in the context of MIMO. We first outline the roles of MIMO in the process of wireless communication and radar sensing. Then, we present current advances in both communication and sensing coexistence and integration in detail. Three novel JCAS MIMO models are subsequently discussed by combining cutting-edge technologies, i.e., cloud radio access networks (C-RANs), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs). Examined from the practical perspective, the potential and challenges of MIMO in JCAS are summarized, and promising solutions are provided. Motivated by the great potential of the Internet of Things (IoT), we also specify JCAS in IoT scenarios and discuss the uniqueness of applying JCAS to IoT. In the end, open issues are outlined to envisage a ubiquitous, intelligent, and secure JCAS network in the near future.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6488907/6702522/09971740.pdf

Xinran Fang

Papers

5G Embraces Satellites for 6G Ubiquitous IoT: Basic Models for Integrated Satellite Terrestrial Networks

5G Embraces Satellites for 6G Ubiquitous IoT: Basic Models for Integrated Satellite Terrestrial Networks

Power Allocation for Maritime Cognitive Satellite-UAV-Terrestrial Networks

On-Demand Coverage for Maritime Hybrid Satellite-UAV-Terrestrial Networks

Joint Communication and Sensing Toward 6G: Models and Potential of Using MIMO