This article provides a review about mycotoxins occurrence in cereals and cereal foodstuffs, and analytical methods proposed for their determination from 2008 to the present. Special attention was given to recent developments in sample preparation and chromatographic approaches for mycotoxins identification/quantification. Recent information on occurrence and determination of conjugated mycotoxins was also reviewed. For the first time a review is done about mycotoxins occurrence in cereals and derived products published in the last years, together with the recent improvements regarding methods for their quantification. This review gives a good insight about the progress that has been done in the last years and points the path to further research needed.

Mycotoxins in cereals and related foodstuffs: A review on occurrence and recent methods of analysis

In recent years, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) has attracted growing interest, as it is an effective method for the rapid extraction of a number of compounds from food and environmental samples, with extraction efficiency comparable to that of classical techniques. In particular, recently, numerous analytical applications of this technique dealt with the extraction of natural compounds and pollutants from food and environmental samples. This review gives a brief presentation of the theory of UAE, discusses recent advances that influence its efficiency, and summarizes the main results in selected applications published in the period 2010–12. There is discussion of the advantages and the disadvantages of UAE and the possibility of coupling UAE with other analytical techniques.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction for food and environmental samples

Application, monitoring and adverse effects in pesticide use: The importance of reinforcement of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs).

Development and validation of an efficient automated method for the analysis of 300 pesticides in foods using two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Application of a magnetic graphene nanocomposite for organophosphorus pesticide extraction in environmental water samples.

The pesticide residues in foods have received increasing attention as one of the most important food safety issues. Therefore, more strict regulations on the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides in foods have been established in many countries and health organizations, based on the sensitive and reliable analysis methods of pesticide residues. However, the analysis of pesticide residues is a continuing challenge mainly because of the small quantities of analytes as well as the large amounts of interfering substances which can be co-extracted with them, often leading to experimental errors and damage to the analytical instruments. Thus, extensive sample preparation is often required for the pesticide residue analysis for the effective extraction of the analytes and removal of the interferences. This paper focuses on reviewing the recent development in the sample preparation methods for the pesticide residue analysis in foods since 2006. The methods include: liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE), pressurized-liquid extraction (PLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), solid-phase extraction (SPE), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME), QuEChERS, cloud point extraction (CPE) and liquid phase micro-extraction (LPME), etc. Particularly their advantages, disadvantages and future perspectives will be discussed.

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Xinyi Cui

Papers

A review of sample preparation methods for the pesticide residue analysis in foods