The growing demand for advanced electrochemical energy storage systems (EESSs) with high energy densities for electric vehicles and portable electronics is driving the electrode revolution, in which the development of high-mass-loading electrodes (HMLEs) is a promising route to improve the energy density of batteries packed in limited spaces through the optimal enlargement of active material loading ratios and reduction of inactive component ratios in overall cell devices However, HMLEs face significant challenges including inferior charge kinetics, poor electrode structural stability, and complex and expensive production processes Based on this, this review will provide a comprehensive summary of HMLEs, beginning with a basic presentation of factors influencing HMLE electrochemical properties, the understanding of which can guide optimal HMLE designs Rational strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of HMLEs accompanied by corresponding advantages and bottlenecks are subsequently discussed in terms of various factors ranging from inactive component modification to active material design to structural engineering at the electrode scale This review will also present the recent progress and approaches of HMLEs applied in various EESSs, including advanced secondary batteries (lithium-/sodium-/potassium-/aluminum-/calcium-ion batteries, lithium metal anodes, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium-air batteries, zinc batteries, magnesium batteries) and supercapacitors Finally, this review will examine the challenges and prospects of HMLE commercialization with a focus on thermal safety, performance evaluation, advanced characterization, and production cost assessment to guide future development

High-Mass-Loading Electrodes for Advanced Secondary Batteries and Supercapacitors

TiO2 has been widely used as a photocatalyst and an electrode material toward the photodegradation of organic pollutants and electrochemical applications, respectively. However, the properties of TiO2 are not enough up to meet practical needs because of its intrinsic disadvantages such as a wide bandgap and low conductivity. Incorporation of carbon into the TiO2 lattice is a promising tool to overcome these limitations because carbon has metal-like conductivity, high separation efficiency of photogenerated electron/hole pairs, and strong visible-light absorption. This review would describe and discuss a variety of strategies to develop carbon-doped TiO2 with enhanced photoelectrochemical performances in environmental, energy, and catalytic fields. Emphasis is given to highlight current techniques and recent progress in C-doped TiO2-based materials. Meanwhile, how to tackle the challenges we are currently facing is also discussed. This understanding will allow the process to continue to evolve and provide facile and feasible techniques for the design and development of carbon-doped TiO2 materials.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/10/12/1431/pdf

Recent Advances in Synthesis and Applications of Carbon-Doped TiO2 Nanomaterials

Review—Electrolyte and Electrode Designs for Enhanced Ion Transport Properties to Enable High Performance Lithium Batteries

Xuandong Kou

Papers

Hierarchical graphene@TiO2 sponges for sodium-ion storage with high areal capacity and robust stability

Femtosecond laser drilled micro-hole arrays in thick and dense 2D nanomaterial electrodes toward high volumetric capacity and rate performance

Vertically aligned architecture in the dense and thick TiO2-graphene nanosheet electrode towards high volumetric and areal capacities