The general concepts governing the electrochemical deposition of metal films onto semiconductors are discussed Deposition onto semiconductor surfaces is complicated due to the band structure of the semiconductor, which affects both the thermodynamics and the kinetics of metal deposition processes The influence of the potential distribution at the semiconductor/solution interface on the charge transfer mechanisms involved in deposition of metals is discussed Models for electrochemical nucleation and growth are described and the influence of the unique physical properties of semiconductors is analysed Finally, we present recent results for electrochemical deposition of gold, copper and platinum onto n-type silicon

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/31/16/001/pdf

Electrochemical deposition of metals onto silicon

Metallization and nanostructuring of semiconductor surfaces by galvanic displacement processes

Up to now, little effort has been made to exploit large-area high-throughput patterning by block copolymer (BCP) lithography to generate nanostructured substrates with periods well below 100 nm for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We show that simple BCP-templated galvanic displacement reactions yield dense arrays of mushroom-shaped gold nanopillars with a period of 50 nm. The nanoporous BCP films used as templates were obtained by swelling-induced reconstruction of reverse micelle monolayers deposited on silicon wafers. Coupling of adjacent mushroom caps almost impinging on each other combined with their strong local curvature results in a high spatial density of hot spots in the narrow gaps between them. Thus, substrates characterized by high SERS efficiencies are obtained.

/pdf/nanostructured-gold-films-for-sers-by-block-copolymer-1d86b9sq1z.pdf

Nanostructured gold films for SERS by block copolymer-templated galvanic displacement reactions.

Patterning of semiconductor surfaces is an area of intense interest, not only for technological applications, such as molecular electronics, sensing, cellular recognition, and others, but also for fundamental understanding of surface reactivity, general control over surface properties, and development of new surface reactivity. In this communication, we describe the use of self-assembling block copolymers to direct semiconductor surface chemistry in a spatially defined manner, on the nanoscale. The proof-of-principle class of reactions evaluated here is galvanic displacement, in which a metal ion, M+, is reduced to M0 by the semiconductor, including Si, Ge, InP, and GaAs. The block copolymer chosen has a polypyridine block which binds to the metal ions and brings them into close proximity with the surface, at which point they undergo reaction; the pattern of resulting surface chemistry, therefore, mirrors the nanoscale structure of the parent block copolymer. This chemistry has the added advantage of forming metal nanostructures that result in an alloy or intermetallic at the interface, leading to strongly bound metal nanoparticles that may have interesting electronic properties. This approach has been shown to be very general, functioning on a variety of semiconductor substrates for both silver and gold deposition, and is being extended to organic and inorganic reactions on a variety of conducting, semiconducting, and insulating substrates.

Block copolymer-templated chemistry on Si, Ge, InP, and GaAs surfaces.

The literature on electroless gold deposition processes is reviewed both with respect to bath formulation and the kinetics of the electrochemical reduction and oxidation reactions involved. Some modified formulations are discussed in more detail and components processed by the use of electroless gold deposition are illustrated.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF03214674.pdf

Y. Okinaka

Papers

Electroless Gold Plating on III–V Compound Crystals

Electroless gold plating on (group) iii-v compound crystals