Publisher Summary The chapter reviews several forms of experimental nephritis, especially from the point of view of understanding the pathogenic mechanisms in terms of immunological events. The chapter is arranged in three sections. The first section deals with nephritide caused by antikidney antibodies—namely, the heterologous antikidney antibodies of nephrotoxic serum nephritis. The second section deals with circulating antigen–antibody complex induced nephritis. The third section deals with nephritis produced by immunization to kidney in which both of the above mechanisms appear to play a role. It is now possible to account qualitatively and sometimes even quantitatively for the glomerular changes in two forms of experimental nephritis—namely, those due to nephrotoxic serum and to circulating antigen-antibody complexes. A third form induced by immunization with renal antigens is cause of controversy and confusion. In some species such as the sheep true autoantibodies against glomerular capillaries are produced and are pathogenic, whereas in other species such as the rat the damage is due to complexes of antibody and nonglomerular antigen.

Experimental glomerulonephritis: immunological events and pathogenetic mechanisms.

The early studies of Redaelli (1924) and Benham (1931) have shown that the rabbit is readily susceptible to infection produced by the intravenous inoculation of Candida albicans. The mouse was considered to be resistant to disease by this yeast. This concept was apparently based upon the fact that mice are resistant to infection following intraabdominal injection; however, rabbits also are resistant by this route of inoculation. More recent studies have shown that the mouse is also susceptible to the intravenous injection of C. albicans. Solotorovsky et al. (1954) used intravenously infected mice for the study of antifungal agents. The results of Mankowski (1957) also demonstrated the susceptibility of mice to C. albicans by this route. Fuentes et al. (1952) studied the symptomatology, survival time, and pathology in guinea pigs, mice, rabbits, and rats injected intravenously with numbers of C. albicans cells varying according to the weight of the animals. Since the mouse offers definite advantages over the rabbit for laboratory studies, this investigation was undertaken to determine the comparative pathogenicity of C. albicans in the Swiss white mouse and the albino rabbit on a weight for weight basis.

Comparative pathogenicity of Candida albicans for mice and rabbits.

Renal ischaemia with failed reflow.

Nature of collagen diseases.

ONLY insignificant histologic changes are ordinarily described in the liver of patients with lupus erythematosus, and the occurrence of jaundice is so rare that it is usually considered an incidental finding. Lupus erythematosus has rarely been regarded as a potential etiologic factor in the small group of patients presenting the problem of prolonged jaundice. The purpose of this study is to describe a group of women (mostly young adults) who presented not only prolonged jaundice with evidence of grave impairment of the liver but also hypergammaglobulinemia, the lupus-erythematosus-cell (L.E.-cell) phenomenon and clinical evidence of diffuse lupus erythematosus. Beam and his . . .

Hepatitis and cirrhosis in women with positive clot tests for lupus erythematosus.

Einleitung. Auf Grund unserer vorhergehenden experimentellen Untersuchungen 1 sind wir zur Uberzeugung gelangt, dal] fiir die Pathogenese der diffusen Glomerulonephritis die Allergic eine mal~gebende Rolle spielt. Die histologischen Eigent~mlichkeiten dieser Nierenerkrankung, die man bisher mit Zuhilfenahme der Entzfindungsoder Gefal~krampflehre nieht restlos aufldaren konnte, kSnnen dutch die 2umahme, dal~ es sich hier um eine hypercrgische/~ea~ion der Niere gegen irgendein Eiweil~antigeff handelt, zum besseren Verst~ndnis gebracht werden. Soweit Infektionen in lVrage kommen, scheint mehr die {}berempfindlichkeit gegen Bakterien oder Toxine als die direkte Wirkung dieser in Frage kommen. ~_hnliehe Gedanken wurden seit Schiclc und v. Pirquet yon manehen Klinikern ge/~ul~ert, haben abet yon seiten der Pathologen keine Anerkennung erfahren. Da wit aber bisher unsere diesbeziigliohe Ansicht aussehlie6lich auf die experimentelle Glomerulonephritis begrtindeten, die durch Injektion des spezifischen Antinierenserums bei Tieren erzeugt wird, so erschien uns notwendig, jetzt bei sensibilisierten Tieren die geweblichen Ver/~nderungen der lqiere auf das Allergen zu untersuchen. Wie bekalmt, ]iegt bis jetzt eine kaum iibersehbare Ftille yon Arbeiten vor, die sieh mit der experimentellen Erzeugung der Glomerulonephritis befassen. Von der Annahme ausgehend, dal3 die im Blur kreisenden Bakterien oder deren Toxine direkt das Nierengewebe schgdigen, versuchte man zungehst dutch Einspritzung yon Bakterien oder Toxinen bei Tieren eine Nierenerkrankung im Sinne der diffusen Glomerulonephritis zu erzeugen. Der Erfolg blieb aus. Man gewann einheitliehe umschriebene Lgsionen der Glomeruli wie Nekrosis, lakunenartige Capillarektasie oder entztindliehe Vorggnge, die kaum in der Richtung der menschlichen diffusen Glomerulonephritis liegen (Literaturiibersicht bei Patrassi 1932). Da die Annahme nahe lag, dal~ fiir die Pathogcnese dieser 2qierenerkrankung die immunisatorisehen Vorggnge eine Rollc

Y. Sato

Papers

Über die allergische Gewebsreaktion der Niere